1、 Science and TechnologyAWWA unites the drinking water community by developing and distributing author-itative scientific and technological knowledge. Through its members, AWWAdevelops industry standards for products and processes that advance publichealth and safety. AWWA also provides quality impro
2、vement programs for waterand wastewater utilities.AWWA WastewaterOperator Field GuideCompiled by AWWA staff members:John M. StubbartWilliam C. LauerTimothy J. McCandlessPaul Olson6666 West Quincy AvenueDenver, CO 80235-3098303.794.7711Copyright 2006 American Water Works Association.All rights reserv
3、ed.Printed in the United States of America.Project Manager: Melissa Christensen, Senior Technical Editor Produced by Glacier Publishing Services, Inc.No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording,
4、 or any information or retrieval system, except in the form of brief excerpts or quotations for review pur-poses, without the written permission of the publisher.DisclaimerThe authors, contributors, editors, and publisher do not assume responsibility for the validity of the content or any consequenc
5、es of their use. In no event will AWWA be liable for direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages arising out of the use of information presented in this book. In particular, AWWA will not be responsible for any costs, including, but not limited to, those incurred as a result of l
6、ost revenue. In no event shall AWWAs liability exceed the amount paid for the purchase of this book.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Datahas been applied for.ISBN 1-58321-386-4iiiContentsPreface viiBasic Math 1Systme International Units 2Key Formulas for Math 5Key Conversions for Flows
7、10Key Formulas for Flows and Meters 11Units of Measure and Conversions 13Units of Measure 14Conversion of US Customary Units 30Conversion of Metric Units 35Temperature Conversions 49Wa te r C o nve r s i o n s 5 0Wa te r E q u iva l e n t s a n d D a t a 5 1Chemistry 53Key Formulas for Chemistry 61C
8、onductivity and Dissolved Solids 62Safety 81OSHA Safety Regulations 83Trench Shoring Conditions 88Roadway, Traffic, and Vehicle Safety 90Fire and Electrical Safety 102ivPersonnel Safety 103Health Effects of Toxin Exposure 106Collection 119Design Flow Rates 120Flow Measurement 123Sewer Construction 1
9、29Manholes 147Pipe Characteristics 149Pipe Joints 160Gauges and Valves 163Types of Corrosion 165Various Factors Affecting Corrosion 166Pipe Testing 169Wa te r E x f i l t r a t i o n 1 7 1Pipe Cleaning and Maintenance 173Pumps 185Electrical Measurements 186Frequently Used Formulas 186Horsepower and
10、Efficiency 189Pump Volage 195Maintenance and Troubleshooting 197Ty p e s o f P u m p s 2 1 1Flow 221Key Conversions for Flows 222Key Formulas for Flows and Meters 223We i r s 2 2 8Ty p e s o f F l u m e s 2 4 1Types of Meters 246Wastewater Treatment 261Key Formulas 264Grit 273Filters 275Settling 284
11、Diffusers 288Sequencing Batch Reactors 289vIntermittent Sand Filters 292Septage 294Biosolids 297Sludge Processing Calculations 298Gravity Thickening 304Dewatering 310Centrifuges 315Management Practices 317Regulatory Requirements 335Discharge and Disinfection 369Chlorine 370Ultraviolet Light 380Marin
12、e Discharge 387Abbreviations and Acronyms 389Glossary 405Index 423viiPrefaceThis guide is a compilation of information, charts, graphs, formu-las, and definitions that are used by wastewater system operatorsin performing their daily duties. There is so much informationcontained in so many different
13、sources that finding it while in thefield can be a problem. This guide compiles information mostlyfrom AWWA manuals, books, and standards, but also from othergeneric information found in many publications.The sections of this guide group the information based on howit would be used by the operator.
14、The guide includes informationfor both wastewater treatment and collection. Design engineersshould also find this material helpful. Major sections includemath, conversion factors, chemistry, safety, collection, pumps andmotors, flow, wastewater treatment, biosolids, and disposal.Perusing the guide n
15、ow will assist in finding handy informationlater. This is the first edition of the guide. If you would like to sug-gest changes or additions to the guide, please submit them toAWWA, Publishing Group, 6666 W. Quincy Ave., Denver, CO80235.1Basic MathA number of calculations are used in theoperation of
16、 small wastewater facilities. Someonly need to be calculated once and recorded forfuture reference; others may need to be calculatedmore frequently. Operators need to be familiarwith the formulas and basic calculations to carryout their duties properly. Note that the formulasin this section are basi
17、c and general; specificformulas for particular components ofwastewater systems can be found in therelevant sections of this guide.2SYSTME INTERNATIONAL UNITS _When performing calculations, water operators should pay particu-lar attention not only to the numbers but also to the units involved.Where S
18、I units and customary units are given, convert all units toone system, usually SI, first. Be sure to write the appropriate unitswith each number in the calculations for clarity. Inaccurate calcula-tions and measurements can lead to incorrect reports and costlyoperational decisions. This section intr
19、oduces the calculations thatare the basic building blocks of the water/wastewater industry.SI PrefixesThe SI is based on factors of ten, similar to the dollar. This allowsthe size of the unit of measurement to be increased or decreasedwhile the base unit remains the same. The SI prefixes aremega, M
20、= 1,000,000 the base unitkilo, k = 1,000 the base unithecta, h = 100 the base unitdeca, da = 10 the base unitdeci, d = 0.1 the base unitcenti, c = 0.01 the base unitmilli, m = 0.001 the base unitmicro, = 0.000001 the base unitBase SI UnitsQuantity Unit Abbreviationlength meter mmass kilogram kgtime
21、second secelectric current ampere Athermodynamic temperature kelvin Kamount of substance mole molluminous intensity candela cd3Basic MathSupplementary SI UnitsQuantity Unit Abbreviationplane angle radian radsolid angle steradian srDerived SI Units With Special NamesQuantity Unit AbbreviationEquivale
22、nt-Units Abbreviationfrequency (of a periodic phenomenon)hertz Hz sec1force newton N kgm/sec2pressure, stress pascal Pa N/m2energy, work, quantity of heat joule J Nmpower, radiant flux watt W J/secquantity of electricity, electric chargecoulomb C Asecelectric potential, potential difference, electro
23、motive forcevolt V W/Aelectrical capacitance farad F C/Velectrical resistance ohm V/Aelectrical conductance siemens S A/Vmagnetic flux weber Wb Vsecmagnetic flux density tesla T Wb/m2inductance henry H Wb/Aluminous flux lumen lm cdSrluminance lux lx lm/m2activity (of a radionuclide) becquerel Bq dis
24、integrations/secabsorbed ionizing radiation dose gray Gy J/kgionizing radiation dose equivalent sievert Sv J/kg4Some Common Derived SI UnitsQuantity Unit Abbreviationabsorbed dose rate grays per second Gy/secacceleration meters per second squared m/sec2angular acceleration radians per second squared
25、 rad/sec2angular velocity radians per second rad/secarea square meter m2concentration (amount ofsubstance)moles per cubic meter mol/m3current density amperes per square meter A/m2density, mass kilograms per cubic meter kg/m3electric charge density coulombs per cubic meter C/m3electric field strength
26、 volts per meter V/melectric flux density coulombs per square meter C/m2energy density joules per cubic meter J/m3entropy joules per kelvin J/Kexposure (X and gamma rays) coulombs per kilogram C/kgheat capacity joules per kelvin J/Kheat flux density irradiance watts per square meter W/m2luminance ca
27、ndelas per square meter cd/m2magnetic field strength amperes per meter A/mmolar energy joules per mole J/molmolar entropy joules per mole kelvin J/(molK)molar heat capacity joules per mole kelvin J/(molK)moment of force newton-meter Nmpermeability (magnetic) henrys per meter H/mpermittivity farads p
28、er meter F/mpower density watts per square meter W/m2Table continued on next page5Basic MathKEY FORMULAS FOR MATH _Area Formulasradiance watts per square meter steradianW/(m2sr)radiant intensity watts per steradian W/srspecific energy joules per kilogram J/kgspecific entropy joules per kilogram kelv
29、in J/(kgK)specific heat capacity joules per kilogram kelvin J/(kgK)specific volume cubic meters per kilogram m3/kgsurface tension newtons per meter N/mthermal conductivity watts per meter kelvin W/(mK)velocity meters per second m/secviscosity, absolute pascal-second Pasecviscosity, kinematic square
30、meters per second m2/secvolume cubic meter m3wave number per meter m1Squarearea = s sdiagonal = 1.414 sRectangle or Parallelogramarea = b hdiagonal = square root (b2+ h2)Some Common Derived SI Units (continued)Quantity Unit Abbreviationsbh6Tr a p e z o i darea = Any Trianglearea = Right-Angle Triang
31、lea2+ b2= c2Circlearea = r2circumference = 2 rSector of a Circlearea = length = 0.01745 r angle = radius = Ellipsearea = a bab+()h2-ahbbh2-hbacbr r r360-10.01745 r-10.01745 -rlba7Basic MathVolume Formulasrectangle tank volume = rectangle tank volume = lw trough volume = trough volume = cylinder volu
32、me = cylinder volume = (0.785 D2) cone volume = 1/3 (volume of a cylinder)sphere volume = (diameter)3Rectangular Solidvolume = h a bsurface area = (2 a b) + (2 b h) +Surface area = (2 a b)Cylindervolume = r2 hsurface area = 2 rh = 3.142area ofrectangle thirddimension area ofrectangle area ofrectangl
33、e thirddimension bh 2-thirddimension area ofrectangle thirddimension thirddimension 6 -hbahr8Other Formulasbrake horsepower =detention time, min =Elliptical Cylindervolume = a b harea = 6.283 h + 6.283 a bSpherevolume = surface area = 4 r2Conevolume = surface area = r (r + h) hPyramidvolume = theore
34、tical waterhorsepower=a2b2+2-hba4 r33-r r2 h3-r2rhab h3-abhgal/min total head, ft3,960-gal/min lb/in.21,715-theoretical water horsepowerpump efficiency-volume of basin, galflow rate, gpm-9Basic Mathsurface overflow rate =weir overflow rate =pounds per mil gal = parts per million 8.34parts per millio
35、n = pounds per mil gal 0.12parts per million = percent strength of solution 10,000pounds per day = volume, mgd dosage, mg/L 8.34 lb/galdosage, mg/L =filter backwash rate,gal/min/ft2=percent elementby weight 100rectangular basinvolume, ft3=length, ft width, ft height, ftrectangular basinvolume, gal=l
36、ength, ft width, ft height, ft 7.48 gal/ft3right cylindervolume, ft3= 0.785 diameter2, ft height or depth, ftright cylindervolume, gal=0.785 diameter2, ft height or depth,ft 7.48 gal/ft3gallons per capita per day,average water usage=flow, gpmarea of filter, ft2-flow, gpmarea, ft2-flow, gpmweir lengt
37、h, ft-feed, lb/dayvolume, mgd 8 34 lb/gal,-weight of element in compoundmolecular weight of compound-volume, gpdpopulation served/day-10Consumption Averages, per capitawinter = 170 gpcdspring = 225 gpcdsummer = 325 gpcdKEY CONVERSIONS FOR FLOWS _Conversion of US customary flow units can be easily ma
38、de usingthe block diagram below. When moving from a smaller to a largerblock, multiply by the factor shown on the connecting line. Whenmoving from a larger to a smaller block, divide.flow, gpm = flow, cfs 448.8 gpm/cfsflow, cfs =supply, days(full to tank dry)=gallons per day ofwater consumption,(dem
39、and/day)=population gpcdvolume, gpdpopulation served gpcd-7.48 7.48 7.488.34 8.34 8.3460 1,44060 1,44060 1,440ft3/sec ft3/min ft3/daygps gpm gpdlb/sec lb/min lb/dayflow, gpm448.8 gpm/cfs-11Basic Mathpipe diameter, in. =actual leakage, gpd/mi./in. =NOTE: minimum flushing velocity: 2.5 fpsNOTE: maximu
40、m pipe velocity: 5.0 fpsNOTE: key conversions: 1.55 cfs/mgd; 448.8 gpm/cfsKEY FORMULAS FOR FLOWS AND METERS _Velocityflow, cfs = area, ft velocity, fpsvelocity, fps =area, ft2=Head Loss Resulting From FrictionDarcyWeisbach FormulahL= f (L/D)(V2/2g)Where (in any consistent set of units):hL=head lossf
41、 = friction factor, dimensionlessL =length of pipeD =diameter of the pipeV = average velocityg = gravity constantarea, ft20.785- 12 in./ftleak rate, gpdlength, mi. diameter, in.-gpm448.8 gpm/cfs- 0.785 diameter, ft2distance, fttime, sec-=flow, cfsarea, ft2-flow, cfsvelocity, fps-12Flow Rate Calculat
42、ionsThe rule of continuity states that the flow Q that enters a systemmust also be the flow that leaves the system.Q1= Q2or A1V1= A2V2orQ = AVWhere:Q =flow rateA =areaV =velocityQA V= = = Summary of Pressure RequirementsValueRequirement psi (kPa) LocationMinimum pressure 35 (241) All points within d
43、istribution system20 (140) All ground level pointsDesired maximum 100 (690) All points within distribution systemFire flow minimum 20 (140) All points within distribution systemIdeal range 5075 (345417) Residences3560 (241414) All points within distribution systemflow rate,ft3/timewidth, ft depth, f
44、t velocity, ft/timefeed rate,lb/daydosage,ppmflow rate,mgdconversion factor8.34 lb/gal chlorineweight, lbdosage,mg/Lvolume ofcontainermil/gal conversion factor8.34 lb/gal 13Units of Measureand ConversionsThe ability to accurately and consistentlymeasure such variables as flow and head, alongwith was
45、tewater quality indicators such aschemical and biological oxygen demand, totalsuspended solids, toxins, and pathogens is a keycomponent of the successful operation of awastewater distribution system. This sectionprovides the most common units of measureand associated conversions typically usedin the wastewater industry.14UNITS OF MEASURE _acre An SI unit of area. acre-foot (
