1、Manual of Water Supply Practices M52 Second Edition Ideal crop marks Ideal crop marks 30052-2E (11/17) IW www.awwa.org Dedicated to the worlds most important resource, AWWA sets the standard for water knowledge, management, and informed public policy. AWWA members provide solutions to improve public
2、 health, protect the environment, strengthen the economy, and enhance our quality of life. M52 M52 Water Conservation Programs, A Planning Manual, Second Edition Water Conservation Programs A Planning Manual T his manual provides water utilities and other industry professionals with a foundationand
3、information to develop, implement, and measure the success of a water conservation program. Those with an existing conservation program can discover areas of improvement and use a more comprehensive approach. M52 also discusses water conservation rates, community involvement, how to overcome obstacl
4、es, and measures for success. The second edition of this manual has been significantly updated to reflect progress within water conservation and efficiency. New chapters on stake- holder involvement and plan implementation have been added as well as several new case studies. The manual includes seve
5、ral tools to further learning: Case studies, appendixes and worksheets Overviews of state and local conservation programs Benefit-cost analysis and Net Present Value calculations Water loss control methodologyIdeal crop marks Water Conservation Programs A Planning Manual Second Edition M52 Copyright
6、 2017 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. Printed on recycled paper Printed in the United States of America American Water Works Association 6666 West Quincy Avenue Denver, CO 80235-3098 awwa.org hours of work by your fellow water professionals. Revenue from the sales of this AWWA
7、 material supports ongoing product development. Unauthorized distribution, either electronic or photocopied, is illegal and hinders AWWAs mission to support the water community. This AWWA content is the product of thousands of Manual of Water Supply PracticesM52, Second Edition Water Conservation Pr
8、ograms A Planning Manual Copyright 2011, 2017 American Water Works Association All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information or retrieval system, except in th
9、e form of brief excerpts or quotations for review purposes, without the written permission of the publisher. Disclaimer The authors, contributors, editors, and publisher do not assume responsibility for the validity of the content or any consequences of its use. In no event will AWWA be liable for d
10、irect, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages arising out of the use of information presented in this book. In particular, AWWA will not be responsible for any costs, including, but not limited to, those incurred as a result of lost revenue. In no event shall AWWAs liability exceed
11、the amount paid for the purchase of this book. Project Manager: Melissa Valentine Production: Studio Text Cover Art: Melanie Yamamoto Manuals Specialist: Sue Bach Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Maddaus, Michelle L., author. | Maddaus, William O., author. | Maddaus, Lisa A.
12、, author. | American Water Works Association, issuing body. Title: Water conservation programs : a planning manual / by Michelle L. Maddaus, William O. Maddaus, Lisa A. Maddaus. Other titles: AWWA manual ; M52. Description: Second edition. | Denver, CO : American Water Works Association, 2017 | Seri
13、es: AWWA manual ; M52 | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017028390 | ISBN 9781625762139 Subjects: LCSH: Water conservation. Classification: LCC TD388 .M325 2017 | DDC 333.91/16-dc23 LC record available at https:/lccn.loc. gov/2017028390 ISBN-13 978-1-62576-213-9 eISB
14、N-13 978-1-61300-413-5 Copyright 2017 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. Ideal crop marks iii AWWA Manual M52 Contents List of Figures, v List of Tables, ix Foreword, xi Acknowledgments, xiii Abbreviated Terms/Acronyms, xv Chapter 1 Introduction 1 What is Water Conservation?, 1 W
15、hy Conserve Water?, 4 Planning as Part of a Water Conservation Program, 5 Develop a Work Plan, 9 Partnership Opportunities, 10 Organization of Manual, 11 References, 12 Chapter 2 Understanding Conservation and Setting Goals 15 Typical Conservation Drivers for Water Utilities, 15 Goals For Conservati
16、on, 18 Alternative Approaches to Target Setting, 23 Overview of State and Local Water Conservation Programs, 24 References, 32 Chapter 3 Analysis of Water Use and Water Savings 35 Evaluate Current Water Use and Project Future Use, 35 Evaluate Supplier Accountability and Water Loss Control, 43 Identi
17、fy and Screen Water Conservation Measures, 55 Evaluate Water Savings, 63 References, 70 Chapter 4 Evaluation of Benefits and Costs 73 Introduction, 73 Overview of BenefitCost Analysis Methodology, 74 Typical Benefits and Costs, 76 How to Calculate Water Savings, 77 How to Determine the Benefits of C
18、onservation Measures, 80 Determining the Costs of Conservation Measures, 85 How to Perform a BenefitCost Analysis, 87 Other Considerations, 88 Other Perspectives on Benefits and Costs, 89 Example: BenefitCost Case Study for Residential Survey Measure, 92 Conducting BenefitCost Analysis or Net Presen
19、t Value for Multiple Conservation Measures, 98 References, 101 Chapter 5 Creating a Formal Water Conservation Program Plan . 103 Meeting the AWWA/ANSI G480 Standard, 103 Review Overall Program Goals, 104 Copyright 2017 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. iv WATER CONSERVATION PROG
20、RAMS A PLANNING MANUAL AWWA Manual M52 Evaluating BenefitCost of Potential Measures, 105 Plan Selection Criteria, 108 Select the Recommended Plan, 111 Conservation Plan Contents, 111 Formal Adoption of the Plan, 114 References, 115 Chapter 6 Stakeholder Involvement .117 Involve the Public in Support
21、 of the Program, 117 Supporting an Engaged Stakeholder Process, 118 Summary of Recommendations, 124 References, 124 Chapter 7 Implementing the Plan, Managing Revenue Impacts, and Evaluating Performance 125 Implementation Considerations, 125 Program Monitoring, Evaluation, and Performance Measurement
22、, 126 Program Performance Tracking and Evaluation, 132 Additional Implementation Opportunities, Training, and Other Supporting Tasks, 135 Managing Revenue Impacts, 139 Maintaining an Adequate Budget, 144 Keeping the Program On Track Meet Goals, 145 References, 145 Appendix A Case Studies 147 Appendi
23、x B G480 Water Conservation Standard Checklist . 205 Appendix C Guidance for More In-Depth Public Involvement Process for Conservation Planning 209 Appendix D Suggested Elements for Data Collection to Support Water Conservation Program Management and Evaluation 219 Glossary, 223 Index, 233 List of A
24、WWA Manuals, 239 Copyright 2017 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. Ideal crop marks v AWWA Manual M52 Figures 1-1 AWWA official policy on water use efficiency, 2 2-1 The evolution of water efficiency drivers, 16 2-2 New home built without front lawn, 17 2-3 Old toilet technology,
25、 17 2-4 Progress of state-level water conservation activities 19902009, 25 2-5 Commercial/industrial water audit workshop, 30 3-1 Average indoor end uses of water in single-family homes in the United States, 38 3-2 Reduction in per capita residential indoor water use 19952010, 39 3-3 Historical annu
26、al water use in Marin Municipal Water District (MMWD), California, 40 3-4 Analysis of 20 years of historical single-family residential water use example of a humid area, Atlanta, Georgia, 41 3-5 Analysis of historical single-family residential water use example of a coastal, arid area, Santa Cruz, C
27、alifornia, 42 3-6 Overview of water demand projection process, 43 3-7 Large water main break, 45 3-8 Water balance of the AWWA Water Audit Method, 46 3-9 AWWA Water Audit Compiler graph of the apparent losses performance indicator (OP23) for the 2014 AWWA Water Audit Data Initiative, 50 3-10 AWWA Wa
28、ter Audit Compiler graph of the real losses performance indicator (OP24) for the 2014 Water Audit Data Initiative, 50 3-11 Accurate water meters are a key to quantifying non-revenue water, 51 3-12 Checking for leaks on the customer side of the meter, 53 3-13 The four-pillar approach to the control o
29、f real (leakage) losses, 54 3-14 Using sonic leak detection equipment to find leaks in distribution system, 55 3-15 Basic to innovative measures typically evaluated, 56 3-16 Cooling towers are common with large buildings, such as on college campuses, 59 3-17 Cooling tower water audits, 59 3-18 Cooli
30、ng tower audits involve measuring conductivity to calculate the cycles of concentration, 60 3-19 Water-saving fixture waterless urinal, 65 3-20 Testing root depth with a soil probe, 65 3-21 Typical overall water sales breakdown by type of customer and indoor water use, 66 3-22 Assess market penetrat
31、ion, 67 3-23 Soil moisture sensors have been proven to save water but require adjustment and periodic maintenance, 67 Copyright 2017 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. vi WATER CONSERVATION PROGRAMS A PLANNING MANUAL AWWA Manual M52 3-24 Large commercial washers can be very effic
32、ient, 69 3-25 The amount of water used by efficient residential washers has dropped two-thirds in 30 years, 69 4-1 Replacing front yard turf with low water use landscape (with a utility rebate) is popular and saves water but is expensive for both the utility and the customer, 74 4-2 Benefitcost anal
33、ysis methodology, 75 4-3 Water savings from replacing inefficient kitchen spray rinse valves well documented in the literature and a relatively low cost measure, 80 4-4 Example of delaying and/or downsizing a capital facility, 83 4-5 Testing showerheads a normal part of a residential water audit, 93
34、 4-6 Optimizing irrigation can involve a sprinkler catch-can test, 93 4-7 Estimated water savings for a 10-year versus ongoing residential water survey program, 94 4-8 Commercial water surveys of large laboratory buildings often involve evaluating the making and use of distilled water, 99 4-9 Testin
35、g flush volume of commercial toilets may reveal that they are out of adjustment and use more water than designed, 99 4-10 Conservation measure program scenarios, 100 5-1 High-efficiency toilet installed on college campus, 105 5-2 Artificial turf used on a soccer field, 106 5-3 Water smart irrigation
36、 controller, 106 5-4 Rain sensor from an automatic irrigation system, 107 5-5 Example of the relationship between present value of utility costs and water saved in a future year, 109 5-6 Example water conservation plan report table of contents, 115 6-1 Design center for low-water-use plants, 119 6-2
37、 Water efficiency training begins in the classroom using a slide show to explain principles in a workshop environment, 120 6-3 Irrigation restrictions during a recent drought in Florida, 121 6-4 Vendor fair for landscape contractors featured efficient weather-based irrigation technologies, 123 7-1 E
38、xample of a recommended 20-year program plan implementation strategy, 127 7-2 Example of a plan element implementation schedule for first year of implementation, 128 7-3 Continual improvement management program results by strategic goal, 128 7-4 Continual improvement management program using key per
39、formance indicators, 129 7-5 Example of an action item tracking worksheet, 132 7-6 Water audits can indicate potential and achieved commercial water savings, for example, new commercial dishwashers can be very efficient, 134 7-7 Example worksheet of water conservation performance measures, 136 7-8 W
40、ater efficiency training session, 139 Copyright 2017 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. FIGURES vii AWWA Manual M52 7-9 Recycled water use in landscape irrigation, 143 A-1 Distribution of regional sectoral water demands, 152 A-2 Regional single-family weather-sensitive and weathe
41、r-insensitive demands, 152 A-3 Baseline demand forecast with passive and active savings, 155 A-4 Water reduction from 2007, 164 A-5 Itron automated meter end points used in Abbotsford, 165 A-6 Consumption frequency for single-family accounts, 167 A-7 Consumption frequency for multifamily accounts, 1
42、67 A-8 Thirty percent reduction with a high-efficiency toilet (yellow bar indicates installation date), 168 A-9 Nineteen percent reduction with a high-efficiency washing machine (yellow bar indicates installation date), 168 A-10 Reduction in water use from an irrigation assessment, 169 A-11 Winter c
43、onsumption in a heavily irrigated neighborhood (green and pink represent high water use), 169 A-12 Summer consumption in a heavily irrigated neighborhood (green and pink represent high water use), 170 A-13 Sprinkler head with catch cans, 173 A-14 Auditor educating a homeowner, 174 A-15 Auditor train
44、ing, 175 A-16 Catch can test, 175 A-17 Catch can test analysis, 176 A-18 Auditor sharing results, 176 A-19 Auditor, catch cans, and van, 177 A-20 Give Them an Inch . . . Grow a Yard program logo, 179 A-21 Elements of the Mayors Water Challenge to Hotels, 184 A-22 Recipients of recognition from the 2
45、014 Mayors Water Challenge to Hotels, 184 A-23 Annual gallons per capita per day usage, 188 A-24 City of Austin water use compliance patrol vehicle, 191 A-25 Filling stations make reclaimed water use easier, 193 Copyright 2017 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. This page intentio
46、nally blank.Ideal crop marks ix AWWA Manual M52 Tables 2-1 Overview of Benefits From Water Conservation, 20 2-2 Overview of Potential Constraints and Perceptions, 21 2-3 Case Studies in Appendix A of AWWA Manual M52, 26 3-1 Example of Service Area Characteristics, 36 3-2 Example of a Detailed Water
47、Use Description, 38 3-3 Example of Forecast Future Water Demand, 44 3-4 Water Balance Terms and Definitions From the AWWA Water Audit Method, 47 3-5 AWWA Water Audit Method Performance Indicators, 48 3-6 AWWA Water Audit Compiler Excerpt of Data Sheet Displaying an Excerpt of Data From the 2014 AWWA
48、 Water Audit Data Initiative, 49 3-7 Example List of Water Efficient Devices by Category, 58 3-8 Example List of Potential Conservation Measures From Southern California, 61 3-9 Example of Screening Potential Conservation Measures and Results of Screening, 64 3-10 Example of End-Use Water Savings an
49、d Market Penetration of Conservation Measures Selected for Evaluation (Passing the Screen), 68 3-11 Example Results of a Conservation Measure Savings Evaluation, 70 4-1 Water System Elements Affected by Conservation, 84 4-2 Wastewater System Elements Affected by Conservation, 84 4-3 Summary of Direct Cost Calculation Example, 95 4-4 Summary of Utility Benefits Calculation, 96 4-5 Summary of Utility BenefitCost Ratio Calculation, 97 4-6 Calculation of Present Value of Benefits, 98 4-7 Calculation of Present Value of Costs, 98
