1、BRITISH STANDARD BS 4278:1984 Specification for Eyebolts for lifting purposes UDC621.885.9:621.86.061.1BS4278:1984 This British Standard, having been prepared under the directionof the Mechanical Engineering Standards Committee, was published under the authority of the Board of BSI and comes into ef
2、fect on 30 April 1984 BSI 02-2000 First published March 1968 First revision April 1984 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference MEE/12 Draft for comment82/76316 DC ISBN 0 580 13801 1 Committees responsible for this British Standard The preparation of this
3、 British Standard was entrusted by the Mechanical Engineering Standards Committee (MEE/-) to Technical Committee MEE/12 upon which the following bodies were represented: Associated Offices Technical Committee British Chain Manufacturers Association British Ports Association and the National Associat
4、ion of Ports Employers British Railways Board Chain Testers Association of Great Britain Corporation of Trinity House Department of Trade and Industry (National Physical Laboratory) Department of Transport (Marine Directorate) Electricity Supply Industry in England and Wales Engineering Equipment an
5、d Materials Users Association Federation of Civil Engineering Contractors Federation of Manufacturers of Construction Equipment and Cranes Federation of Wire Rope Manufacturers of Great Britain Health and Safety Executive Ministry of Defence National Association of Drop Forgers and Stampers National
6、 Coal Board Coopted members The following bodies were also represented in the drafting of the standard, through subcommittees and panels: Association of Supervisory and Executive Engineers Drop Forging Research Association Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date of issue CommentsBS4278:198
7、4 BSI 02-2000 i Contents Page Committees responsible Inside front cover Foreword ii 1 Scope 1 2 Material 1 3 Form and dimensions 1 4 Screw threads 1 5 Workmanship 1 6 Tolerances 1 7 Heat treatment 2 8 Hardness test 2 9 Proof loading 2 10 Marking 2 11 Certificate of test 2 Appendix A Dimensions of ey
8、ebolts with imperial threads 8 Appendix B Recommendations for the selection, care and use of eyebolts 10 Figure 1 Collar eyebolt 3 Figure 2 Eyebolt with link 5 Figure 3 Dynamo eyebolt 6 Figure 4 Correct method of fitting pairs of collar eyebolts and eyebolts with link 13 Figure 5 Incorrect method of
9、 fitting pairs of collar eyebolts and eyebolts with link 13 Figure 6 Trunnion lifting 14 Table 1 Collar eyebolt 4 Table 2 Eyebolt with link 6 Table 3 Dynamo eyebolt 7 Table 4 Collar eyebolt (imperial threads) 8 Table 5 Eyebolt with link (imperial threads) 9 Table 6 Dynamo eyebolt (imperial threads)
10、9 Table 7 Maximum recommended working loads for collar eyebolts (metric threads) when used in pairs for inclined loading conditions 11 Table 8 Maximum recommended working loads for eyebolts with link (imperial and metric threads) when used in pairs for inclined loading conditions 12 Table 9 Maximum
11、recommended working loads for collar eyebolts (imperial threads) when used in pairs for inclined loading conditions 12 Publications referred to Inside back coverBS4278:1984 ii BSI 02-2000 Foreword This British Standard has been prepared under the direction of the Mechanical Engineering Standards Com
12、mittee and is the first full revision of the metric edition which was published in 1968; this revision supersedes BS 4278:1968, which is now withdrawn. Previously steel eyebolts were covered in BS 529-1 andBS 529-2 (withdrawn). The standard specifies three types of eyebolt: namely the collar eyebolt
13、, the eyebolt with link and the dynamo eyebolt. Eyebolts without collars for lift suspension purposes are specified in BS 5655-8, which replaced BS 529-2. For all three types, metric dimensions and threads are specified but, in addition, full details of imperial threaded shanks are given in appendix
14、 A. These imperial threaded eyebolts are intended for replacement purposes only for assembly into imperial threaded equipment already in existence. In the previous edition of this standard only brief details concerning imperial threads were given and only collar and dynamo eyebolts were covered. Mor
15、e importantly, no advice was given on the selection of suitable forgings for imperial threading; this is now fully covered. It will be noted that eyebolts with a shank thread smaller than M12 are not specified in view of their susceptibility to damage due to over-tightening. Exceptions to this are t
16、he ) in diameter collar and dynamo eyebolts which have been retained in order to preserve the safe working load (SWL) relationship with BS 529-1 (see below). Collar eyebolts and eyebolts with link have been uprated by 25 % in this revision as a result of work undertaken by the National Physical Labo
17、ratory and the Research and Laboratories Services Division of the Health and Safety Executive (HSE). This uprating has also enabled the SWLs of imperial threaded collar eyebolts given in Table 4, to be made equivalent to those given in BS 529-1 so that they may be used for replacement purposes. Coll
18、ar eyebolts are generally used with shackles and are suitable for reduced SWLs when used for inclined loading in the plane of the eye. (See appendix B.) When used at 90 loading to the eyebolt axis (i.e. trunnions) the SWL for each eyebolt should not be more than 25 % of the SWL in axial loading mark
19、ed on the eyebolt (see appendix B). Eyebolts with link are now specified with both metric and imperial threads. These eyebolts are generally used in pairs without the need for shackles and are suitable for inclined loading in any plane at reduced SWLs (see Table 8). It should be emphasized that a co
20、llar eyebolt to Table 1 fitted with a link cannot be considered as an “eyebolt with link” to Table 2. In addition, the collar eyebolt requires a deeper tapped hole and therefore care is necessary if eyebolts with link are replaced by collar eyebolts. Dynamo eyebolts are intended for axial lifting on
21、ly and, if used in pairs a spreader beam should always be used. Loading out of axial by even 5 imposes undue stress on the screw thread run-out. For this reason collar eyebolts or eyebolts with link should be a first preference and dynamo eyebolts should be used only if axial loading can be ensured.
22、 The dangers of the mismatch arising from eyebolts being inadvertently screwed into holes with a different thread form are explained and recommendations are made in HSE Guidance Note PM 16, “Eyebolts”, and in PD 6494. In this revision of this standard certain non-preferred metric sizes which were li
23、kely to be incorrectly assembled with other metric threaded holes have been deleted. Some other metric thread sizes have been changed to give as far as possible, first choice metric threads complying with BS 3643-2.BS4278:1984 BSI 02-2000 iii Recommendations for the selection, care and use of eyebol
24、ts are given in Appendix B. Some of the material in Appendix B is based on Section 3 of the “Code of Practice for the safe use of lifting equipment”, published by the Chain Testers Association of Great Britain to whom acknowledgement is made. Users wishing to obtain more detailed information are rec
25、ommended to refer to this Code. 1) A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summar
26、y of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to iv, pages 1 to 14, an inside back cover and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside fron
27、t cover. 1) Obtainable from the Chain Testers Association of Great Britain (see B.5 for address).iv blankBS4278:1984 BSI 02-2000 1 1 Scope This British Standard covers three types of eyebolt as follows: a) collar eyebolt, in the range0.25tonnes to30tonnes SWL; b) eyebolt with link, in the range1.0to
28、nnes to6.3tonnes SWL; c) dynamo eyebolt, in the range0.25tonnes to10.0tonnes SWL. Guidance on the selection of appropriate forgings and of SWL ratings when screwing eyebolts with imperial threads see4.1 b) and 4.1 c) is given in Appendix A. Recommendations on the correct selection and safe use of ey
29、ebolts are given in the foreword and Appendix B. NOTEThe titles of the publications referred to in this standard are listed on the inside back cover. 2 Material The material used in the manufacture of both the eyebolts and the links shall comply with one of the following steel specifications of BS97
30、0-1: 080A27 2) 080A30 080M30 070M26 3 Form and dimensions The form and dimensions of eyebolts shall be in accordance with the following: a) collar eyebolts shall be as shown inFigure 1 and as given inTable 1 for metric threads, orTable 4 for imperial threads; b) eyebolts with links shall be as shown
31、 in Figure 2 and as given inTable 2 for metric threads, orTable 5 for imperial threads; c) dynamo eyebolts shall be as shown inFigure 3 and as given inTable 3 for metric threads, orTable 6 for imperial threads. NOTEFor special applications the length of the shank (dimension H) may be increased provi
32、ded that the eyebolt and shank are drop forged in one piece. 4 Screw threads 4.1 The screw threads of the shanks of the eyebolts shall comply with the following British Standards: a) Metric threads complying with BS3643-2, coarse pitch series, tolerance class6g, in accordance with the sizes specifie
33、d inTable 1, Table 2 andTable 3 of this standard, i.e. BS4278. For metric thread diameter72mm, inTable 1 of this standard, a pitch of6mm, and a tolerance class6g shall be used. b) Whitworth threads in accordance withTable 4 of BS84:1956, coarse thread series, BSW, medium class. c) Unified threads in
34、 accordance withTable 5 of BS1580-1:1962, coarse series, UNC, class2A. NOTEIt is expected that newly designed equipment will have tapped holes to receive eyebolts screwed in accordance with a) above. Eyebolts threaded to b) and c) are intended for use with imperial threaded equipment which is alread
35、y in existence. 4.2 The portion of the shank at the end of the screw thread shall have a run-out and, in the case of collar eyebolts and eyebolts with link, the collar shall be recessed in accordance with dimensions J and K ofTable 1 toTable 6. 5 Workmanship 5.1 All eyebolts. The whole of each eyebo
36、lt, including the shank, shall be cleanly drop forged in one piece and shall be free from patent defects. The underside of the collar shall be machined in true alignment at right-angles to the axis of the shank. The shank shall be screwed concentrically with the outside diameter of the collar. The t
37、hread run-out and recess if any shall be smoothly radiused and free from surface irregularities. 5.2 Eyebolts with link. The link of the eyebolt with link (seeFigure 2,Table 2 andTable 5) shall be welded by one of the following methods: a) electric resistance butt welding; b) flash-butt welding; c)
38、atomic hydrogen welding; d) inert gas shielded-arc welding. The weld shall be smoothly finished all round and care shall be taken to avoid porosity and to ensure penetration and fusion throughout. 6 Tolerances 6.1 General. The tolerances given in6.2 and6.3 shall apply. 6.2 Drop forgings. The toleran
39、ces on dimensions of drop forgings shall comply with quality F of BS4114. 2) As specified in the1972 edition. Steel080A27 is not included in the1983 edition of BS970-1.BS4278:1984 2 BSI 02-2000 6.3 Links. The size of the material of the link shall not differ from the nominal size (seedimensiond,Tabl
40、e 2 andTable 5) by more than 5%. 7 Heat treatment All eyebolts, after forging, and links, after welding, shall be heated to a temperature between860 C and890 C and then quenched in oil or water and tempered at a suitable temperature between550 C and 660 C. 8 Hardness test 8.1 General. Eyebolts shall
41、 have a Brinell hardness between163 and217. Either the test shall be made in accordance with BS240-1 using a 10mm ball and a load of3000kg, or if another method is employed the conversion shall be made in accordance with BS860. 8.2 Procedure. The surface on which the impression is to be made shall b
42、e obtained by filing, grinding or smooth machining. NOTESuitable precautions should be taken to ensure that the surface tested is representative of the material and that its hardness is not affected by decarburization, carburization, or by the method used for the preparation of the test surface. 9 P
43、roof loading Each eyebolt, and eyebolt with link, after manufacture and subsequent heat treatment, shall be subjected to an axial proof load equal to at least twice the safe working load specified in Table 1, Table 2 orTable 3 or, in the case of imperial threaded eyebolts, at least twice the safe wo
44、rking load specified inTable 4,Table 5 andTable 6, which it shall withstand without showing any visible permanent set. After the removal of the proof load, each eyebolt and eyebolt with link shall be thoroughly examined by a competent person and shall be accepted only if found free from visible flaw
45、 or defect. 10 Marking 10.1 General. Each eyebolt shall be legibly and permanently marked in a manner that does not impair its mechanical strength. The symbols shall be as large as possible but in any case not less than3mm high. In the case of collar and dynamo eyebolts, the symbols shall be marked
46、on raised flat areas positioned on both sides of the lower parts of the eye as shown inFigure 1 andFigure 3. In the case of eyebolts with links, the symbols shall be marked on the side of the link as shown inFigure 2. NOTEIf (as for example in the case of smaller eyebolts) the areas mentioned above
47、provide insufficient space for marking all the requisite information, marking can be carried out on low stressed areas such as the periphery of the collar of an eyebolt. The information given in10.2 to10.5 shall be marked on each eyebolt. 10.2 Quality mark. Each eyebolt shall be marked with the symb
48、ol “M” enclosed in a circle. The quality mark shall be kept remote from any metric thread identification. NOTE1The quality mark may, if drop forged, be on the side of the crown of the eye. NOTE2In the previous issue of this standard the symbol “04” was used as the quality mark. Eyebolts with this ma
49、rking may still be available, complying with the requirements of this standard. 10.3 Safe working load (axial lift). The SWL as specified inTable 1,Table 2 andTable 3 or in the case of imperial threaded eyebolts the SWL as specified inTable 4,Table 5 andTable 6, or a lower value if required by the purchaser shall be marked on the eyebolt, e.g. “SWL1.6t”. 10.4 Thread identification. Each eyebolt shall be marked with one of the following thread identifications as appropriate: a) “M” to denote ISO metric threads, coarse series, including t
