1、DRAFT FOR DEVELOPMENTDD ISO/TS 14415:2005Ergonomics of the thermal environment Application of international standards to people with special requirements ICS 13.180g49g50g3g38g50g51g60g44g49g42g3g58g44g55g43g50g56g55g3g37g54g44g3g51g40g53g48g44g54g54g44g50g49g3g40g59g38g40g51g55g3g36g54g3g51g40g53g4
2、8g44g55g55g40g39g3g37g60g3g38g50g51g60g53g44g42g43g55g3g47g36g58DD ISO/TS 14415:2005This Draft for Development was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 January 2006 BSI 31 January 2006ISBN 0 580 47339 2National forewordThis Draft for Development reproduc
3、es verbatim ISO/TS 14415:2005.This publication is not to be regarded as a British Standard.It is being issued in the Draft for Development series of publications and is of a provisional nature because this field is still under development. It should be applied on this provisional basis, so that info
4、rmation and experience of its practical application may be obtained.Comments arising from the use of this Draft for Development are requested so that UK experience can be reported to the international organization responsible for the Technnical Specification. A review of this publication will be ini
5、tiated not later than 3 years after its publication by the international organization so that a decision can be taken on its status at the end of its 3-year life. Notification of the start of the review period will be made in an announcement in the appropriate issue of Update Standards.According to
6、the replies received by the end of the review period, the responsible BSI Committee will decide whether to support the conversion into an international standard, to extend the life of the Technical Specification for another 3 years or to withdraw it. Comments should be sent in writing to the Secreta
7、ry of BSI Subcommittee PH/9/1, Thermal environments, at British Standards House, 389 Chiswick High Road, London W4 4AL, giving the document reference and clause number and proposing, where possible, an appropriate revision of the text.A list of organizations represented on this subcommittee can be o
8、btained on request to its secretary.Cross-referencesThe British Standards which implement international publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Search” facility of the BSI
9、Electronic Catalogue or of British Standards Online.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.Compliance with a Draft for Development does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations.Summary of
10、pagesThis document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the ISO/TS title page, pages ii to iv, pages 1 to 10, an inside back cover and a back cover.The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued.Amendments issued since publicationAmd. No. D
11、ate CommentsReference numberISO/TS 14415:2005(E)TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS14415First edition2005-04-15Ergonomics of the thermal environment Application of International Standards to people with special requirements Ergonomie de lenvironnement thermique Application des Normes internationales aux
12、personnes ayant des exigences particulires DD ISO/TS 14415:2005ii iiiForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technic
13、al committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely wi
14、th the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft Inte
15、rnational Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. In other circumstances, particularly when there is an urgent market requirement for
16、 such documents, a technical committee may decide to publish other types of normative document: an ISO Publicly Available Specification (ISO/PAS) represents an agreement between technical experts in an ISO working group and is accepted for publication if it is approved by more than 50 % of the membe
17、rs of the parent committee casting a vote; an ISO Technical Specification (ISO/TS) represents an agreement between the members of a technical committee and is accepted for publication if it is approved by 2/3 of the members of the committee casting a vote. An ISO/PAS or ISO/TS is reviewed after thre
18、e years in order to decide whether it will be confirmed for a further three years, revised to become an International Standard, or withdrawn. If the ISO/PAS or ISO/TS is confirmed, it is reviewed again after a further three years, at which time it must either be transformed into an International Sta
19、ndard or be withdrawn. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO/TS 14415 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 159, Ergonomics, Subco
20、mmittee SC 5, Ergonomics of the physical environment. DD ISO/TS 14415:2005iv Introduction This Technical Specification is a supplementary document to International Standards which specify methods for measuring and evaluating hot, cold or moderate thermal environments (see Clause 2). It provides the
21、necessary considerations and underlying principles for the application of each of those International Standards to the assessment of thermal environments for the disabled, the aged and other persons with special requirements. In working towards the ideal of “Full Participation and Equality” declared
22、 for the International Year for Disabled People, in 1981, a considerable number of disabled persons having various types of disabilities are now integrated into workplaces. Ergonomics is not only applicable to workplaces but also to other human physical situations, such as those in the home, during
23、transportation and at leisure, in which a wide variety of persons have special ergonomic requirements due to disability, age, pregnancy or sickness. Many such persons have additional thermal requirements which must be considered when measuring and evaluating the thermal environment. However, thermal
24、 effects differ widely between individuals with disabilities. DD ISO/TS 14415:20051Ergonomics of the thermal environment Application of International Standards to people with special requirements 1 Scope This Technical Specification provides background information on the thermal responses and needs
25、of groups of persons with special requirements so that International Standards concerned with the assessment of the thermal environment can be appropriately applied for their benefit. It is applicable to the use of the International Standards listed in Clause 2 and includes a description of the rang
26、e and variety of responses and adaptations to thermal environments of people with special requirements, and the consequences for measuring and evaluating those environments, the application of the PMV/PPD index when considering persons with special requirements and thermal comfort in moderate enviro
27、nments, the application of International Standards for the assessment of hot and cold thermal environments when such environments are occupied by people with special requirements, and brief descriptions of thermal disabilities and their relevant thermal response characteristics with detailed informa
28、tion from available knowledge on several of the most important of these (see Annex A). 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of
29、 the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 7243, Hot environments Estimation of the heat stress on working man, based on the WBGT-index (wet bulb globe temperature) ISO 7726, Thermal environments Instruments and methods for measuring physical quantities ISO 7730, Moderate therm
30、al environments Determination of the PMV and PPD indices and specification of the conditions for thermal comfort ISO 8996, Ergonomics Determination of metabolic heat production ISO 7933, Hot environments Analytical determination and interpretation of thermal stress using calculation of required swea
31、t rate ISO 9886, Evaluation of thermal strain by physiological measurements ISO 9920, Ergonomics of the thermal environment Estimation of the thermal insulation and evaporative resistance of a clothing ensemble ISO 10551, Ergonomics of the thermal environment Assessment of the influence of the therm
32、al environment using subjective judgement scales DD ISO/TS 14415:20052 ISO/TR 11079, Evaluation of cold environments Determination of required clothing insulation (IREQ) ISO 13732 (all parts), Ergonomics of the thermal environment Methods for the assessment of human responses to contact with surface
33、s ISO 12894, Ergonomics of the thermal environments Medical supervision of individuals exposed to extreme hot or cold environments ISO 13731, Ergonomics of the thermal environment Vocabulary and symbols 3 Factors requiring special consideration when assessing the thermal environment 3.1 Sensory impa
34、irment and paralysis Some physical disabilities and methods of treatment (e.g. drugs) will affect thermal sensation and requirements for thermal comfort. Additional issues include methods for collecting valid and reliable data on the comfort responses of people with special requirements (the pregnan
35、t, aged, babies, etc.). 3.2 Difference in body shape The loss of or atrophy of a limb makes the application of the Dubois surface area formula difficult and prone to error. Consequently, it will have some influence on the concept of mean skin temperature. Infants and babies will have somewhat differ
36、ent body proportions compared to average adults. This influences the projected surface area available for heat exchange, from different parts of the body, and hence the impact of thermal radiation, convection and evaporation. 3.3 Impairment of sweat secretion It is not uncommon for more than 80 % of
37、 the sweat-secreting skin area to be impaired in quadriplegic persons (high-level spinal-cord-injured persons) and some other paralytic diseases. This will affect the interpretation of thermal environment indices for hot environments, especially rational ones in which a “normal” level of sweating is
38、 assumed and the concept of wettedness plays an important role. 3.4 Impairment of vasomotor control Impairment of peripheral vasomotor control, which is often found in such groups as the aged, spinal-cord-injured persons or persons taking vasodilator drugs, affects adaptability to both cold and hot
39、environments and often requires special consideration when accounting for thermal conditions. 3.5 Differences in metabolic rate People with physical disabilities who use technical aids such as wheelchairs often have low metabolic rates due to their sedentary activity level. Conversely, others (such
40、as those suffering athetosic cerebral palsy) will require greater energy to perform tasks and hence have a higher metabolic rate due to the greater effort involved. Aged persons are often less active and have a lower metabolic rate than average adults but there are large individual differences. 3.6
41、Influence of thermal stress on other physiological functions Cerebral apoplexy and cardiovascular attacks are often evoked by thermal stress in (cold) winters and unusually hot summers. Sweat secretion can cause some cutaneous chronic diseases such as epidermolysis bullosa hereditaria. Cold environm
42、ents may affect kidney functions and cause pollakisuri. Strain is greater after exhaustive work, night work, jet-lag, etc. DD ISO/TS 14415:200534 Moderate thermal environments and people with special requirements 4.1 General considerations Thermal conditions that are “normally” considered as moderat
43、e and provide thermal comfort, may not be moderate or acceptable to people with disabilities. People with paralysis due to injury to the spinal cord, for example, may report thermal sensation even on the paralysed part of the body, which will also affect overall body sensation and comfort. Periphera
44、l vasomotor disorders will affect heat exchange with the environment and studies have reported deterioration of thermal sensation and slow thermoregulatory responses in the aged. People with special requirements are particularly sensitive to thermal conditions and the preservation of health and comf
45、ort. To evaluate whether an environment is acceptable or not, in addition to taking sensation votes, some simple physiological measurement such as oral temperature, using a clinical thermometer, heart rate etc. may be necessary on a regular basis. Most people with special requirements when at work a
46、re likely to be in what are moderate thermal environments for the average healthy person. 4.2 ISO 7730: Moderate thermal environments Determination of PMV and PPD indices and specification of conditions for thermal comfort The PMV (predicted mean vote) and PPD (predicted percentage of dissatisfied)
47、indices are statistically derived from a theoretical comfort equation and experimental data from a large number of subjects, mainly healthy young adults, and although some older persons were considered, generally the aged were not. The method given in ISO 7730 may not therefore be able to adequately
48、 predict the thermal sensation or the dissatisfaction of the disabled and the aged with thermoregulatory impairments without modification. The method is not intended for predicting the thermal sensation of persons, but more for predicting which thermal conditions (temperature, humidity, air velocity
49、, clothing, activity) are acceptable or preferred. Both laboratory and field studies suggest that the PMV/PPD indices may adequately predict mean thermal responses for the majority of the disabled; however, it also shows a wide variation in responses, demonstrating that consideration of individual requirements may be even more necessary than for standard persons. The comfort equation itself seems to be useful for evaluating moderate thermal environments, i.e. the effect of the thermal environment on various persons with and without special requir
