1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 19701:2013Methods for sampling andanalysis of fire effluentsBS ISO 19701:2013 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 19701:
2、2013. Itsupersedes BS ISO 19701:2005 which is withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee FSH/16, Hazards to life from fire.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to
3、include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2013. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2013ISBN 978 0 580 69706 7ICS 13.220.01; 13.220.40Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligat
4、ions.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 April 2013.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS ISO 19701:2013 ISO 2013Methods for sampling and analysis of fire effluentsMthodes dchantillonnage et danalyse des efflue
5、nts du feuINTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO19701Second edition2013-04-01Reference numberISO 19701:2013(E)BS ISO 19701:2013ISO 19701:2013(E)ii ISO 2013 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2013All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or uti
6、lized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyrig
7、ht officeCase postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11Fax + 41 22 749 09 47E-mail copyrightiso.orgWeb www.iso.orgPublished in SwitzerlandBS ISO 19701:2013ISO 19701:2013(E) ISO 2013 All rights reserved iiiContents PageForeword ivIntroduction v1 Scope . 12 Normative references 13 Terms and d
8、efinitions . 14 Methods of sampling 14.1 General considerations 14.2 Concentration and volume fraction 24.3 Special considerations 24.4 Sampling using gas-solution absorbers . 34.5 Sampling using solid sorption tubes 54.6 Sampling for spectrometric or spectrophotometric analysis .64.7 Sampling using
9、 gas bags . 75 Analytical methods for fire gases 85.1 Carbon monoxide by non-dispersive infrared spectroscopy (NDIR) . 85.2 Carbon dioxide by non dispersive infrared spectroscopy (NDIR) 95.3 Oxygen by paramagnetism 115.4 Hydrogen cyanide 125.5 Hydrogen chloride and hydrogen bromide . 185.6 Hydrogen
10、fluoride .255.7 Oxides of nitrogen . 295.8 Acrolein 355.9 Formaldehyde . 425.10 Acetaldehyde . 475.11 Total aldehydes by colourimetry 485.12 Sulfur dioxide by high performance ion chromatography (HPIC) .505.13 Carbon disulfide by GC-MS in gas phase 525.14 Hydrogen sulphide .545.15 Ammonia .575.16 An
11、timony compounds by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) or inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry (ICP) 605.17 Arsenic compounds by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) or inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry (ICP) 625.18 Phosphorus by inductively coupled plasma emis
12、sion spectrometry (ICP) .635.19 Phosphates 655.20 Phenol 695.21 Benzene 725.22 Toluene (Methylbenzene) .765.23 Styrene (Phenylethene) 805.24 Acrylonitrile and other nitriles by GC-MS in gas phase 835.25 Formic acid 865.26 Total hydrocarbons by FID . 895.27 Isocyanates 895.28 Oxygenated organic speci
13、es 89Annex A (informative) Species and measurement techniques currently deemed unsuitable in fire effluents .90Annex B (informative) Colour-change chemical detection tubes 92Annex C (informative) Quantitative instrumental methods .93Annex D (informative) Hydrogen fluoride by continuous online ion se
14、lective electrode 107Bibliography . 110BS ISO 19701:2013ISO 19701:2013(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO tech
15、nical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely
16、 with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft Int
17、ernational Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document ma
18、y be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.ISO 19701 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 92, Fire safety, Subcommittee SC 3, Fire threat to people and environment.This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition
19、 (ISO 19701:2005).iv ISO 2013 All rights reservedBS ISO 19701:2013ISO 19701:2013(E)IntroductionThe analysis of fire gases for use in toxic hazard and life threat assessment and other purposes (e.g. impact on the environment) is a great challenge for the analyst. Fire atmospheres are by nature hostil
20、e environments. Temperatures in excess of 1 000 C are common, the gas phase can contain many corrosive, toxic, irritant or combustible species together with relatively large quantities of condensable water.These properties are largely incompatible with most instrumental analytical methods where a “c
21、lean” sample is required. This poses many problems both for the qualification and quantification of the chemical species and particulates in fire atmospheres. In presenting a sample to the measuring instrument that it will tolerate, it can be necessary to filter particulates and remove other species
22、. Losses in the sampling train must therefore be quantifiable and taken into account in the final analysis.Techniques also exist for measuring chemical species in situ; this will be the subject of a future document.The methods described in Clause 5 have been used successfully by a number of laborato
23、ries. Studies of repeatability and reproducibility of many of the methods covered in this International Standard have been taken from AFNOR NF X70-100-11and AFAP-3.2For methods that involve a commercial instrument, uncertainty in the measured values may be estimated from the manufacturers data and o
24、ther information, e.g. allowance for losses in the sampling process. For other methods, uncertainty in the measured values can occur through a variety of reasons, such as sensitivity to the strength of reagents or the visibility of a colourimetric end point. In these cases, it is assumed that best p
25、ractice by qualified personnel is applied.This International Standard is structured as follows. Clause 1 describes the scope of this standard Clause 4 describes methods of sampling. Clause 5 describes analytical methods for gases in fire atmospheres: Annex A provides information on techniques that w
26、ere found not suitable with fire effluents. Annex B briefly describes the use of aspirated chemical colour-change tubes. Annex C is a summary of the main instrumental methods available for fire gas analysis, expanding the information provided under the clauses for each individual chemical species. A
27、nnex D presents a method for continuous measurement of HF concentration using ion selective electrode. ISO 2013 All rights reserved vBS ISO 19701:2013BS ISO 19701:2013Methods for sampling and analysis of fire effluentsSAFETY PRECAUTIONS Due consideration must be given to the fact that both the fire
28、gases for analysis and many of the reagents used for their analysis can be toxic and/or present serious health hazards. It is assumed throughout that the procedures described in this document will be carried out by suitably qualified professional personnel, adequately trained in the hazards and risk
29、s associated with such analyses and aware of any safety regulations that may be in force. Consideration must also be given to the safe and ecologically acceptable disposal of all chemicals used for analyses. This can require extensive treatment prior to release of the waste into the environment. Aga
30、in, it is assumed in this document that the personnel responsible for the safe disposal of such reagents are suitably qualified and trained in these techniques and are aware of the regulations which may be in force.1 ScopeThis International Standard presents a range of sampling and chemical analytic
31、al methods suitable for the analysis of individual chemical species in fire atmospheres. The procedures relate to the analysis of samples extracted from an apparatus or effluent flow from a fire test rig or physical fire test model and are not concerned with the specific nature of the fire test.This
32、 International Standard doesnt cover aerosols (detailed in Reference 3) and FTIR technique (detailed in Reference 4). The gases of environmental interest, such as PAH, dioxins, furans, endocrinal disturbers, will be developed in a future document by ISO TC92/SC3.2 Normative referencesThe following d
33、ocuments, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.ISO 13943, Fire safety
34、Vocabulary3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 13943 apply.4 Methods of sampling4.1 General considerationsSampling is perhaps the most critical part of the procedures for analysis of gases in fire effluents. Whereas sampling and analysis ar
35、e commonly in use for many gaseous species in other fields, sampling from fire atmospheres presents unusual and difficult problems.The sample presented to the analyser shall be as representative as possible of the test atmosphere, without having been changed by the sampling system. The sampling proc
36、edure should influence the test atmosphere as little as possible (e.g. by depletion of the test volume). The sampling procedure should be as uncomplicated as possible, while incorporating all necessary features detailed in this International Standard. The sampling procedure shall be capable of opera
37、ting with minimal blockage in the sampling lines, melting or other disruption of probes, and without allowing condensation of the species for analysis.INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 19701:2013(E) ISO 2013 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 19701:2013ISO 19701:2013(E)IMPORTANT It is important to appreciate that
38、 the overall accuracy of the analysis of fire effluent species is significantly dependent on the sampling procedures adopted, in particular the quantification of losses in probes, sampling lines, and filtering systems.4.2 Concentration and volume fractionThe concentration of fire effluent or of a to
39、xic gas is its mass divided by the volume in which it is contained. For a fire effluent the typical units are g.m3.However, for a toxic gas, concentration is usually expressed as a volume fraction at T = 298 K and P = 1 atm, and is expressed in terms of L.L1(equivalent to cm3/m3= 106).NOTE 1 The con
40、centration of a gas at a temperature, T, and a pressure, P can be calculated from its volume fraction (assuming ideal gas behaviour) by multiplying the volume fraction by the density of the gas at that temperature and pressure.NOTE 2 Volume fractions of toxic gases used to be expressed in terms of “
41、ppm by volume” but “ppm” is a deprecated term and therefore “L.L1” is now used.4.3 Special considerationsThere are many factors that have a direct influence on the specific type of sampling methodology selected to ensure that a suitable sample is presented to the analyser. For example, consideration
42、 shall include the range of concentrations anticipated, the limits of detection, reactivity of the species of interest, presence of interferences, and peak and average concentration values. Sampling of the extremely complex atmosphere produced during combustion requires a very thorough evaluation an
43、d assessment of all potential factors that might affect optimum conditions for sample collection and analysis.The large number of different products frequently encountered in fire effluents often requires the use of a variety of sampling procedures and approaches to ensure accurate identification an
44、d quantification of combustion products. The selected sampling procedure also depends on the instrumentation and analytical procedures available for the specific species being measured.Sampling may involve either continuous, online analysis (e.g. non-dispersive infrared) or non-continuous batch samp
45、ling (e.g. evacuated flask or bubbler samples). Batch-type sampling can be further subdivided into two categories:a) “Instantaneous”, or “grab”;b) Average, or integrated.Although there is no sharp distinction between categories a) and b), it is generally understood that grab samples relate to sample
46、s taken over a short time period (i.e. usually less than 1 min), whereas integrated samples are usually taken over a longer time period (i.e. a substantial portion of the total test period).In some cases, continuous or semi-continuous online or frequent instantaneous sampling can be well suited for
47、following the rapidly changing combustion environment and will provide a representative concentration profile. Frequently however, the minimum detectable limit of the species of interest requires larger sample volumes than can be taken with these techniques. If this analytical limitation exists, it
48、is necessary to carry out the sampling over a longer period. While using longer sampling periods permits the analysis of lower concentrations, this approach has some limitations. For example, these types of samples permit a determination only of the integrated average concentration obtained over the
49、 sampling period and do not discern any abrupt change in the evolution of the species of interest. However, abrupt concentration changes can also be missed with instantaneously obtained samples, if samples are not taken frequently enough.When batch-sampling procedures are used, it is essential to specify sampling frequency, the starting time of each sample and the total sampling time. This information is essential in order to ensure proper evaluation of the data in conjunction with other fire properties that are being monitored (e.g. h
