1、BSI Standards PublicationPD CEN/TR 15449-3:2012Geographic information Spatial data infrastructuresPart 3: Data centric viewPD CEN/TR 15449-3:2012 PUBLISHED DOCUMENTNational forewordThis Published Document is the UK implementation of CEN/TR 15449-3:2012. Together with PD CEN/TR 15449-1:2012, PD CEN/T
2、R 15449-2:2012 and PD CEN/TR 15449-4, it supersedes PD CEN/TR 15449:2011, which will be withdrawn upon publication of all parts of the series.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee IST/36, Geographic information.A list of organizations represented on this commit
3、tee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2013. Published by BSI Standards Limited 2013ISBN 978 0 580 75643 6 ICS 07.040
4、; 35.240.70 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.This Published Document was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 July 2013.Amendments issued since publicationDate T e x t a f f e c t e dPD CEN/TR 15449-3:2012T
5、ECHNICAL REPORT RAPPORT TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHER BERICHT CEN/TR 15449-3 October 2012 ICS 35.240.70; 07.040 Supersedes CEN/TR 15449:2011English Version Geographic information - Spatial data infrastructures - Part 3: Data centric view Information gographique - Infrastructures de donnes spatiales - Partie
6、 3: vue centre sur les donnes dune infrastructure de donnes spatiales (IDS) Geoinformation - Geodateninfrastrukturen - Teil 3: Datenzentrierte Sicht This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 27 May 2012. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 287. CEN members are the national stan
7、dards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Sl
8、ovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2012 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide
9、 for CEN national Members. Ref. No. CEN/TR 15449-3:2012: EPD CEN/TR 15449-3:2012CEN/TR 15449-3:2012 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 4Introduction .51 Scope 72 Normative references 73 Terms and definitions .74 Abbreviated terms .85 Data-centric view on SDI 105.1 Introduction . 105.2 The model-driven app
10、roach . 116 Aspects of data specifications 126.1 General . 126.2 Semantics and semantic interoperability . 126.3 Conceptual schema language . 136.3.1 Overview 136.3.2 Relevant standards . 146.3.3 Examples and tools 146.4 Application schema 146.4.1 Overview 146.4.2 Relevant standards . 166.4.3 Exampl
11、es and tools 166.5 Features and feature catalogues. 176.5.1 Overview 176.5.2 Relevant standards . 186.5.3 Examples and tools 186.6 Portrayal 186.6.1 Overview 186.6.2 Relevant standards . 186.6.3 Examples and tools 196.7 Encoding 196.7.1 Overview 196.7.2 Relevant standards . 207 Data management . 207
12、.1 Accessing data 207.2 Quality and conformity of spatial datasets 207.2.1 Overview 207.2.2 Relevant standards . 217.3 Spatial referencing 227.3.1 Overview 227.3.2 Relevant standards . 237.3.3 Examples and tools 237.4 Identifier management . 237.4.1 Overview 237.4.2 Relevant standards . 248 Metadata
13、 248.1 Metadata types 248.1.1 Introduction . 248.1.2 Discovery metadata 24PD CEN/TR 15449-3:2012CEN/TR 15449-3:2012 (E) 3 8.1.3 Feature level metadata 248.1.4 Dataset metadata . 248.3 Examples and tools . 259 Data Product Specification . 259.1 Role of a Data Product Specification 259.2 Stepwise appr
14、oach 259.2.1 General . 259.2.2 Step 1 Use case development . 269.2.3 Step 2 Identification of the user requirements and spatial object types 279.2.4 Step 3 As-is analysis 279.2.5 Step 4 Gap analysis 289.2.6 Step 5 Data Specification Development . 289.2.7 Step 6 Implementation, test and validation .
15、289.2.8 Step 7 Cost-benefit analysis . 289.3 Content of a Data Product Specification . 299.4 Relevant standards . 299.5 Examples and tools . 29Bibliography 30PD CEN/TR 15449-3:2012CEN/TR 15449-3:2012 (E) 4 Foreword This document (CEN/TR 15449-3:2012) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 2
16、87 “Geographic information”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document su
17、persedes CEN/TR 15449:2011. The present standard comprises the following parts: CEN/TR 15449-1, Geographic information Spatial data infrastructures Part 1: Reference model CEN/TR 15449-2, Geographic information Spatial data infrastructures Part 2: Best practices CEN/TR 15449-3, Geographic informatio
18、n Spatial data infrastructures Part 3: Data centric view (the present part); CEN/TR 15449-4, Geographic information Spatial Data Infrastructure Part 4: Service centric view PD CEN/TR 15449-3:2012CEN/TR 15449-3:2012 (E) 5 Introduction Spatial data infrastructure (SDI) is a general term for the comput
19、erised environment for handling data that relates to a position on or near the surface of the earth. It may be defined in a range of ways, in different circumstances, from the local up to the global level. This Technical Report focuses on the technical aspects of SDIs, thereby limiting the term SDI
20、to mean an implementation neutral technological infrastructure for geospatial data and services, based upon standards and specifications. It does not consider an SDI as a carefully designed and dedicated information system; rather, it is viewed as a collaborative framework of disparate information s
21、ystems that contain resources that stakeholders desire to share. The common denominator of SDI resources, which can be data or services, is their spatial nature. It is understood that the framework is in constant evolution, and that therefore the requirements for standards and specifications support
22、ing SDI implementations evolve continuously. SDIs are becoming more and more linked and integrated with systems developed in the context of e-Government. Important drivers for this evolution are the Digital Agenda for Europe, and related policies (see Part 1). By sharing emerging requirements at an
23、early stage with the standardization bodies, users of SDIs can help influence the revision of existing or the conception of new standards. The users of an SDI are considered to be those individuals or organisations that, in the context of their business processes, need to share and access geo-resour
24、ces in a meaningful and sustainable way. Based on platform- and vendor-neutral standards and specifications, an SDI aims at assisting organisations and individuals in publishing, finding, delivering, and eventually, using geographic information and services over the internet across borders of inform
25、ation communities in a more cost-effective manner. Existing material about SDIs abounds. The criteria used for determining if a given standard or specification is referred to in this report are that the publication addresses an aspect of SDI, and that it is non-proprietary in nature. Based on these
26、considerations, the following reports have been taken into account: legal texts and guidelines produced in the context of INSPIRE; documents produced by ISO/TC 211 (and co-published by CEN); documents produced by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC), including the OpenGIS Reference Model (ORM); the
27、European Interoperability Framework and related documents; deliverables from the European Union-funded projects (e.g. GIGAS, SANY). Considering the complexity of the subject and the need to capture and formalise different conceptual and modelling views, CEN/TR 15449 is comprised of multiple parts: P
28、art 1: Reference model: this provides a general context model for the other Parts, applying general IT architecture standards; Part 2: Best Practice: this provides best practices guidance for implementing SDI, through the evaluation of the projects in the frame of the European Union funding programm
29、es; Part 3: Data centric view: this addresses concerns related to the data, which includes application schemas and metadata; PD CEN/TR 15449-3:2012CEN/TR 15449-3:2012 (E) 6 Part 4: Service centric view (in preparation): this includes the taxonomy of services, concepts of interoperability, service ar
30、chitecture, service catalogue, and the underlying IT standards. Further parts may be added in the future. PD CEN/TR 15449-3:2012CEN/TR 15449-3:2012 (E) 7 1 Scope Part 3 of the Technical Report describes a data-centric view of a Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI). The Data Centric view addresses the c
31、oncepts of semantic interoperability, the methodology for developing data specifications through the application of the relevant International Standards, and the content of such specifications including Application Schemas, Feature Catalogues, General Feature Model, Data Lifecycle Management and Dat
32、a Quality, Data Access and Data Transformation. The intended readership of this Technical Report are those people who are responsible for creating frameworks for SDI, experts contributing to INSPIRE, experts in information and communication technologies and e-government that need to familiarise them
33、selves with geographic information and SDI concepts, and standards developers and writers. 2 Normative references Not applicable. 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 conceptual formalism set of modelling concepts used to describe
34、a conceptual model EXAMPLE UML meta model, EXPRESS meta model. Note 1 to entry: One conceptual formalism can be expressed in several conceptual schema languages. SOURCE: EN ISO 19101:2005 3.2 conceptual model model that defines concepts of a universe of discourse SOURCE: EN ISO 19101:2005 3.3 concep
35、tual schema formal description of a conceptual model SOURCE: EN ISO 19101:2005 3.4 conceptual schema language formal language based on a conceptual formalism for the purpose of representing conceptual schemas EXAMPLE UML, EXPRESS, IDEF1X. Note 1 to entry: A conceptual schema language may be lexical
36、or graphical. Several conceptual schema languages can be based on the same conceptual formalism. SOURCE: EN ISO 19101:2005 PD CEN/TR 15449-3:2012CEN/TR 15449-3:2012 (E) 8 3.5 conformance fulfilment of specified requirements SOURCE: EN ISO 19113:2005 3.6 component physical, replaceable part of a syst
37、em that packages implementation and provides the realisation of a set of interfaces SOURCE: ISO/TS 19103:2005 3.7 identifier linguistically independent sequence of characters capable of uniquely and permanently identifying that with which it is associated SOURCE: ISO/IEC 11179-3:2003 3.8 interoperab
38、ility capability to communicate, execute programs, or transfer data among various functional units in a manner that requires the user to have little or no knowledge of the unique characteristics of those units SOURCE: ISO/IEC 2382-1:1993 3.9 reference frame aggregation of the data needed by differen
39、t components of an information system 3.10 resource asset or means that fulfils a requirement SOURCE: EN ISO 19115:2005 3.11 spatial data infrastructure SDI policies, standards and procedures under which organisations and technologies interact to foster more efficient use, management and production
40、of geo-spatial data SOURCE: United Nations SDI initiative (UNSDI) 3.12 Use Case specification of a sequence of actions, including variants, that a system (or other entity) can perform, interacting with actors of the system SOURCE: OMG UML Specification 4 Abbreviated terms API Application Programming
41、 Interface ATS Abstract Test Suite PD CEN/TR 15449-3:2012CEN/TR 15449-3:2012 (E) 9 CEN European Committee for Standardization / Comit Europen de Normalisation CRS Coordinate Reference System DCE Distributed Computing Environment DPS Data Product Specification ebXML Electronic Business using eXtensib
42、le Markup Language EDR Entity Relationship Diagrams EN European Standard (CEN deliverable) EPSG European Petroleum Survey Group ESDIN European Spatial Data Infrastructure Best Practice Network INSPIRE Infrastructure for Spatial Information in Europe IT Information Technology GEOSS Global Earth Obser
43、vation System of Systems GIGAS GEOSS, INSPIRE and GMES an Action in Support gmd Geographic MetaData GMES Global Monitoring for Environment and Security GML Geography Markup Language GSDI Global Spatial Data Infrastructure Association IEC International Electrotechnical Commission ISO International Or
44、ganisation for Standardization NMA National Mapping Agency OCL Object Constraint Language ODP Open Distributed Processing OGC Open Geospatial Consortium OMG Object Management Group OSI Open System Interconnection RM-ODP Reference Model of Open Distributed Processing REST Representational State Trans
45、fer SDI Spatial Data Infrastructure SOA Service Oriented Architecture PD CEN/TR 15449-3:2012CEN/TR 15449-3:2012 (E) 10 SOAP Simple Object Access Protocol SQL Standard Query Language TC Technical Committee TR Technical Report TS Technical Specification UML Unified Modelling Language UNSDI United Nati
46、ons SDI URI Uniform Resource Identifier UUID Universally Unique Identifier WSDL Web Service Description Language XMI eXtensible Markup Interface XML eXtensible Markup Language 5 Data-centric view on SDI 5.1 Introduction Exchange of and access to spatial data is the principal objective of an SDI. The
47、 data are at the heart of an SDI. The spatial data in an SDI are a model of the real world. This model is developed according to well defined methodologies described in different standards. The model is made explicit through a concise description of data specifications in data specification document
48、s. These specifications can then be used to develop new datasets or to transform existing datasets to the specifications by mapping the existing model to the model described in the specifications. In this way, semantic interoperability can be achieved: i.e. different datasets can be used together and be understood by different users in the same way. Metadata are part of the datasets and should get proper attention during the data modelling. Metadata will play a crucial role in documenting and understanding the content of the data model and data
