1、Technical Report EL-97-8April 1997US Army Corpsof EngineersB57B61B74B65B72B77B61B79B73 B45B78B70B65B72B69B6dB65B6eB74B53B74B61B74B69B6fB6eEnvironmental Impact Research ProgramBioengineering for StreambankErosion ControlReport 1Guidelinesby Hollis H. Allen, James R. LeechApproved For Public Release;
2、Distribution Is Unlimited.Prepared for Headquarters, U.S. Army Corps of EngineersProvided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-The contents of this report are not to be used for advertising,publication, or promotional purposes. Citation of trade na
3、mesdoes not constitute an official endorsement or approval of the useof such commercial products.The findings of this report are not to be construed as anofficial Department of the Army position, unless so desig-nated by other authorized documents.PRINTED ON RECYCLED PAPERProvided by IHSNot for Resa
4、leNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-Environmental ImpactResearch ProgramTechnical Report EL-97-8April 1997Bioengineering for StreambankErosion ControlReport 1Guidelinesby Hollis H. Allen, James R. LeechU.S. Army Corps of EngineersWaterways Experiment Station3909 Ha
5、lls Ferry RoadVicksburg, MS 39180-6199Final reportApproved for public release; distribution is unlimitedPrepared for U.S. Army Corps of EngineersWashington, DC 20314-1000Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-Waterways Experiment Station Cat
6、aloging-in-Publication DataAllen, Hollis H.Bioengineering for streambank erosion control. Report 1, Guidelines / by Hollis H. Allen,James R. Leech ; prepared for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.103 p. : ill. ; 28 cm. (Technical report ; EL-97-8 rept. 1)Includes bibliographic references.1. Bioengineerin
7、g. 2. Soil stabilization. 3. Soil conservation. I. Leech, James R. II.United States. Army. Corps of Engineers. III. U.S. Army Engineer Waterways ExperimentStation) V. Environmental Impact Research Program (U.S.) VI. Title. VII. Series: Technicalreport (U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station
8、) ; EL-97-8 rept. 1.TA7 W34 no.EL-97-8 rept. 1Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-Environmental ImpactResearch ProgramUS Army Corpsof EngineersWaterways ExperimentStationAbout the Authors: Mr. Hollis H. Allen is an ecologist, WES Environm
9、ental Laboratory. Mr. James R.Leech is a hydraulic engineer, WES Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory. Pointofcontactis Mr. Allen,telephone (601) 634-3845.Bioengineering for Streambank Erosion Control; Report 1, Guidelines(TR EL-97-8)ISSUE: The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is oftenrestricted from using
10、 hard structures, such as riprap orconcrete-lined channels, for streambank erosion controlbecause of environmental reasons or high cost. Bioengi-neering is the combination of biological, mechanical, andecological concepts to control erosion and stabilize soilthrough the use of vegetation or a combin
11、ation of it andconstruction materials. Both living and nonliving plantscan be used. Nonliving plants are used as constructionmaterials, similar to engineered materials. Planted vege-tation controls erosion and serves as good wildlife andfisheries habitat in riparian systems. Guidelines are gen-erall
12、y lacking for use of bioengineering treatment onstreambanks, which often explains why bioengineering isnot used more often.RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: This investigation docu-ments successful bioengineering attempts in Europe andthe United States by surveying the literature, relatingpersonal observations in
13、 Europe and the United States bythe authors, and by monitoring recently applied bioengi-neering treatments on several stream systems in variousparts of the United States. Several case studies wheretreatments were installed and monitored appear in Report 2.Examples of other treaments at various locat
14、ions arerelated in Report 1. Attempts were made, where possible,to document local flow velocities and average streamvelocities to which treatments were applied. Thus, anempirical way of approximating some tolerance thresh-olds is presented that will aid designers in choosingappropriate treatments.SU
15、MMARY: This study provides guidelines for usingbioengineering treatments in a prudent manner while tem-pering their widespread use with precautions. Precau-tions consist of properly designing bioengineering pro-jects with enough hardness to prevent both undercuttingthe streambank toe and erosion of
16、the upper and lowerends (flanking) of the treated project reach. This can beaccomplished with one or both of (a) hard toe and flankingprotection, e.g., rock riprap, refusals, and (b) deflection ofwater away from the target reach to be protected throughdeflection structures, e.g., groins, hard points
17、 and dikes.With both of these methods, appropriate plant speciesshould be used in a manner consistent with their naturalhabitats, that is, in an effort to emulate natural conditionsor processes. This is often done with streambank zonesthat more or less correspond with microhabitats of nativeplant s
18、pecies in local stream environments. Where possi-ble, both herbaceous and woody species are used withgrass or grass-like plants in the lowermost zone that isplanted; shrubby, woody vegetation is used in the middlezone; and, for the most part, larger shrubs and trees areestablished in the uppermost z
19、one. These zones are re-spectively called the “splash, bank, and terrace zones.”AVAILABILITY: The report is available on InterlibraryLoan Service from the U.S. Army Engineer WaterwaysExperiment Station (WES) Library, 3909 Halls FerryRoad, Vicksburg, MS 39180-6199; telephone (601)634-2355. To purchas
20、e a copy, call the National Techni-cal Information Service (NTIS) at (703) 487-4650. Forhelp in identifying a title for sale, call (703) 487-4780.NTIS numbers may also be requested from the WESlibrarians.Corps of Engineers Research Report Summary, April 1997Please reproduce this page locally, as nee
21、ded.Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-ContentsPreface xConversion Factors, Non-SI to SI Units of Measurement . . . . . . . xii1Introduction. 1Background. 1Purpose . 2Scope 2Assetsofusingplantedvegetation . 3Limitations of using planted
22、vegetation . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Bioengineering Design Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Planning. 4Determine problem(s) and establish objectives . . . . . . . . 5Questions to be developed and answered . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Planofdevelopment . 10Equipmentandmaterials. 10Permitacq
23、uisition. 11Acquisitionofplants . 11Implementation 11Plantingtechniques 12Monitoringandaftercare. 12HardStructuresandBioengineering. 13BioengineeringbyZones. 15Toezone 15Splashzone 15Bankzone . 18Terracezone 19BioengineeringTreatments 20Toezone 20Splashzone 33Bankzone . 53Terracezone 58Velocitiesfor
24、DesignPurposes . 603Plant Acquisition, Handling, and Timing of Planting . . . . . . . 63PurchasingPlants . 64Advantages. 65Disadvantages . 65vProvided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-CollectingPlantsFromtheWild. 66Advantages. 66Disadvantages .
25、 66GrowingPlants. 67Advantages. 67Disadvantages . 68HandlingofPlantMaterials . 68Woodyplants . 68Herbaceousplants. 69TimingofPlanting. 70Woodyplants . 70Herbaceousplants. 714MonitoringandAftercare. 72PhilosophyofMonitoringandAftercare 72DirectDocumentationofErosionProtection 73Aerialphotographicmoni
26、toring. 73Groundphotographiccoverage . 74Oculardescription. 74Indirect Documentation of Erosion Protection . . . . . . . . . . . 75Aftercare 755CostsofBioengineering 77Man-Hour Costs of Bioengineering Treatments . . . . . . . . . . 79Brushmattressormatting 79Brushlayering. 79Wattlingbundlesandcuttin
27、gs 79Dormantwillowpostmethod 80Vegetativegeogrid 81Man-Hour Costs of Standard Vegetation EstablishmentTechniques to Supplement Bioengineering Treatments . . . . . . 81Standardseeding . 81Hydroseeding . 81Hydromulching 81Sprigs, rootstocks or plugs, rhizomes, and tubers . . . . . . . 82Bare-roottreeo
28、rshrubseedlings 82Ballandburlaptreesorshrubs . 82Containerizedplantings . 826SummaryandRecommendations 83References . 85SF 298List of FiguresFigure 1. Steps of planning and implementing a bioengineeringproject. 5Figure 2. River levels and flows of upper Missouri River belowGarrisonDam. 8viProvided b
29、y IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-Figure 3. Timber cribs serving as deflection structures on upperMissouri River to direct current away from bank wheretherearebioengineeringtreatments 14Figure 4. Rock refusal used on an upper Missouri Riverbioeng
30、ineeringproject 14Figure 5. Bank zones defined on constructed slopes . . . . . . . . 16Figure 6. Possible species to plant by zone on Missouri River . . 17Figure 7. Schematics of bioengineering treatment usedwith a weighted rock toe with vegetation in theform of a brush mattress used above it . . .
31、 . . . . . . 21Figure 8. Photo of weighted rock toe revetment extendingupthebank 22Figure 9. Photo of bioengineering project on upperMissouri River where large rock was used as toeprotection below large coir-covered hay bales,alsoformingpartoftoe. 23Figure 10. Vegetation in the form of dormant will
32、ow posts placedlandwardofrockandhaybaletoe. 23Figure 11. Rock roll used as toe protection on a bioengineeringproject, Rhine River, Germany, in city of Dusseldorf . . 24Figure 12. System of bioengineering treatments such asgeotextile coir mats with planted vegetation on themplaced above a rock roll t
33、oe and between large rocktransversedikes . 24Figure 13. Schematic of gabions used with woody plants to forma hard structure to prevent undercutting and flanking . . 26Figure 14. Two schematics of a LUNKERS structure designedto provide overhanging shade and protection for fishwhile serving to stabili
34、ze toe of a streambank . . . . . . 27Figure 15. Bank crib with cover log used to protect unstablestreambanks while concurrently providing excellentoverheadcoverforfish . 28Figure 16. Log revetment, Roaring Fork River, Colorado . . . . . . 29Figure 17. Schematic of log revetment with coir geotextile
35、roll andplantings on top of backfill soil over a geotextile filter . 30Figure 18. Installed log revetment with coir geotextile rollcombination, Roaring Fork River, Colorado . . . . . . . 31viiProvided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-Figure 19.
36、 Schematic of root wad construction . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Figure 20. Root wads soon after installation on Upper TruckeeRiver, California, near South Lake Tahoe . . . . . . . . . 32Figure 21. Schematic of a coir geotextile roll and rocks . . . . . . . 34Figure 22. Photo of coir geotextile roll an
37、d rocks with wetlandplants serving as a deflection system and providingaquatichabitatonaGermanstream 34Figure 23. Coir geotextile rolls are used to stabilize streambanksand permit planting of wetland vegetation within them 35Figure 24. Wetland plant development in a coir geotextile rollwithin the sp
38、lash zone at a stream in Germany . . . . . 36Figure 25. Coir geotextile mat being prevegetated in WESnursery in 1983 and transported to field site readyforimmediategrowth 38Figure 26. Schematics of brushmattress and wattling combination . 40Figure 27. Sequence of brushmattress and wattling bundleins
39、tallation 41Figure 28. Schematic diagram of brush layering . . . . . . . . . . . 42Figure29. Installedsectionofbrushlayering. 43Figure 30. Brush layering with willow and dogwood branchesafter one growing season; installed above a rocktoeontheLittlePatuxentRiver,Maryland 44Figure 31. Cross section of
40、 vegetative geogrid, also calledfabric-encapsulatedsoilwithvegetation . 44Figure 32. Vegetative geogrid during construction on UpperTruckee River, California, near South Lake Tahoe . . . 46Figure 33. Vegetative geogrid in July 1995, after two growingseasons and an estimated 5-year flood during sprin
41、gof1995 46Figure 34. Dormant willow posts, coir geotextile roll,and cedar trees being installed at Court Creek,Illinois,April1993 48Figure 35. Court Creek site above after one growing season . . . . 48Figure 36. Use of “The Stinger” to create pilot holes for dormantwillow posts on upper Missouri Riv
42、er . . . . . . . . . . 49viiiProvided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-Figure 37. Irish Creek, North Carolina, stabilized with cuttingsofbankersandstreamcowillow 52Figure 38. Burlap and coir woven fabric laid over sedge andgrass seed, Upper Tru
43、ckee River, California . . . . . . . 54Figure 39. Wattling bundle preparation and installation . . . . . . . 55Figure 40. Schematic illustration of live fascine bundles withcoir rope mesh fabric and long straw installed betweenbundles 57Figure 41. Brush layering with coir woven fabric and longstrawu
44、nderfabric 58Figure 42. Hydroseeding and mulching operation from a barge . . 59Figure 43. Illustrations of different expenditure profiles andmaintenance of inert structures and bioengineeringtreatments. 72Figure 44. Aerial monitoring of bioengineering treatment . . . . . . 74ixProvided by IHSNot for
45、 ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-PrefaceThe work described herein was authorized by Headquarters, U.S. ArmyCorps of Engineers (HQUSACE), as part of the Environmental Impact Re-search Program (EIRP). The work was performed under Work Unit32830, Bioengineerin
46、g for Streambank Erosion Control. Messrs. Hollis H.Allen and James R. Leech, Environmental (EL) and Coastal and Hydraulics(CHL) Laboratories, respectively, of the U.S. Army Engineer WaterwaysExperiment Station (WES), were the Principal Investigators of this workunit. Ms. Cheryl Smith and Messrs. Fre
47、derick B. Juhle and ForresterEinersen were the HQUSACE Program Monitors for this work.Mr. Dave Mathis wes the EIRP Coordinator at the Directorate of Re-search and Development, HQUSACE. Dr. Russell F. Theriot, WES, wasthe EIRP Program Manager.Participants in the study, in addition to the authors, inc
48、luded severalscientists and practitioners from State agencies and private consultants.These included Ms. Wendi Goldsmith, Bioengineering Group, Salem,MA; Messrs. Donald Roseboom, Thomas Hill, and Jon Rodsater, IllinoisState Water Survey, Peoria, IL; Mr. Alan Czenkusch, Colorado Divisionof Wildlife,
49、Aspen, CO; Messrs. William N. Johnson and Sky DeBoer,Earth Resource Investigations, Carbondale, CO; and Mses. Catherine D.MacDonald and Cynthia M. Walck, California Department of Parks andRecreation.Special thanks is extended to Messrs. Bill Miller and David LaGrone,U.S. Army Engineer District, Omaha,
