1、BRITISH STANDARDBS EN 14975:2006+A1:2010 Loft ladders Requirements, marking and testingICS 97.145g49g50g3g38g50g51g60g44g49g42g3g58g44g55g43g50g56g55g3g37g54g44g3g51g40g53g48g44g54g54g44g50g49g3g40g59g38g40g51g55g3g36g54g3g51g40g53g48g44g55g55g40g39g3g37g60g3g38g50g51g60g53g44g42g43g55g3g47g36g58Nat
2、ional forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 14975:2006+A1:2010. It supersedes BS EN 14975:2006 which is withdrawn.The start and finish of text introduced or altered by amendment is indicated in the text by tags. Tags indicating changes to CEN text carry the number of the CEN a
3、mendment. For example, text altered by CEN amendment A1 is indicated by !“.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee B/512, Ladders.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication does not purport
4、to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.BS EN 14975:2006+A1:2010This British Standard waspublished under the authorityof the Standards Policy andStrategy
5、Committeeon 28 February 2007 BSI 2010Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate Comments 31 August 2010 Implementation of CEN amendment A1:2010ISBN 978 0 580 69232 1EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 14975:2006+A1 July 2010 ICS 91.060.30 Supersedes EN 14975:2006English Vers
6、ion Loft ladders - Requirements, marking and testing Echelles de grenier - Exigences, marquage et essais Bodentreppen - Anforderungen, Kennzeichnung und Prfung This European Standard was approved by CEN on 25 November 2006 and includes Amendment 1 approved by CEN on 4 June 2010. CEN members are boun
7、d to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CE
8、N Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same stat
9、us as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal
10、, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2010 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means res
11、erved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 14975:2006+A1:2010: EEN 14975:2006+A1:2010 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword . 31 Scope . 42 Normative references . 43 Terms and definitions. 44 Maximum load . 75 Test methods . 75.1 General . 75.1.1 Tolerances . 75.1.2 Test sequence . 85.1.3 Test tem
12、perature . 85.2 Static load test 85.3 Fatigue test 95.4 Torsion test of rungs or treads . 95.5 Handrail test 95.6 Ladder stops test 115.7 Rungs or treads bending test 116 Ladder construction and design . 116.1 General . 116.2 Climbing angle 136.3 Bearing surface . 136.4 Handrails 136.5 Anti-slip sur
13、face 136.6 Tread or rung pitch . 136.7 Free width between stiles 136.8 Depth of bearing surface . 146.9 Distance between the floor and the top of the first rung or tread . 146.10 Distance between the last rung or tread and the loft floor . 146.11 Distance between a rung or tread and the trapdoor . 1
14、46.12 Operability . 156.12.1 Upward pressure . 156.12.2 Descent control . 156.13 Sharp edges 156.14 Surface finish 156.15 Feet . 156.16 Unintentional opening 156.17 Insulating and/or sealing values . 167 Marking 168 User instructions 16BS EN 14975:2006+A1:2010EN 14975:2006+A1:2010 (E) 3 Foreword Thi
15、s document (EN 14975:2006+A1:2010) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 93 “Ladders”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by January 20
16、11, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by January 2011. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent right
17、s. This European Standard includes Amendment 1 approved by CEN on 4 June 2010. This document supersedes EN 14975:2006. The start and finish of text introduced or altered by amendment is indicated in the text by tags!“X According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organiz
18、ations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portu
19、gal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. BS EN 14975:2006+A1:2010EN 14975:2006+A1:2010 (E) 4 1 Scope This European Standard specifies terms and definitions, product requirements and test methods for the construction and performance of loft ladders. 2 Norma
20、tive references Not applicable. 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 loft ladder ladder designed to be permanently fixed at its top end with sliding or hinged sections permitting it to be lowered to and raised from a lower level to
21、 provide access to a loft or similar point at a higher level 3.2 types of loft ladder 3.2.1 concertina loft ladder loft ladder with extendable climbing support NOTE See Figure 1. Figure 1 Concertina loft ladder 3.2.2 hinged/folding loft ladder loft ladder with hinged or folded climbing support NOTE
22、See Figure 2. BS EN 14975:2006+A1:2010EN 14975:2006+A1:2010 (E) 5 Figure 2 Hinged/folding loft ladder 3.2.3 sliding loft ladder loft ladder with sliding climbing support 3.2.3.1 push-out sliding loft ladder sliding loft ladder with climbing support to be pushed out NOTE See Figure 3. BS EN 14975:200
23、6+A1:2010EN 14975:2006+A1:2010 (E) 6 Figure 3 Push-out sliding loft ladder 3.2.3.2 pull-out sliding loft ladder sliding loft ladder with climbing support to be pulled out NOTE See Figure 4. Figure 4 Pull-out sliding loft ladder BS EN 14975:2006+A1:2010EN 14975:2006+A1:2010 (E) 7 3.3 parts of a loft
24、ladder 3.3.1 handrail rail fitted to loft ladder to give user support when climbing or descending loft ladder 3.3.2 trapdoor door giving access to loft or similar point at a higher level NOTE The loft ladder may or may not be attached to the trapdoor. 3.3.3 hinge connecting element between loft ladd
25、er or trapdoor and loft or trapdoor casing similar point at a higher level 3.3.4 rung climbing support with a standing surface from front to back of less than 80 mm and more than 20 mm 3.3.5 stile side members to which the rungs, treads or cross-members are fitted 3.3.6 stile hinge connecting elemen
26、t between folding ladder parts 3.3.7 locking device mechanism to prevent unintended sliding out, extending or unfolding of the loft ladder 3.3.8 tread climbing support with a standing surface from front to back equal to or greater than 80 mm 4 Maximum load The requirements are based upon a maximum t
27、otal load of 150 kg. Loft ladders are designed to be used by one person at a time. 5 Test methods 5.1 General 5.1.1 Tolerances For all tests, unless otherwise stated in the particular test, the following tolerances are permitted as uncertainty of measurement: 1 mm for linear measurements; 1 for the
28、measurement of angles; BS EN 14975:2006+A1:2010EN 14975:2006+A1:2010 (E) 8 1 % for static forces and torque; 3 % for dynamic forces. 5.1.2 Test sequence Tests shall be performed in the order they are given in the standard. 5.1.3 Test temperature All tests shall be performed at room temperature (15 C
29、 to 25 C). 5.2 Static load test Set up the ladder at its maximum length (fully extended) and adjust it in accordance with the manufacturers instructions, perpendicular to the pivot line of the top hinge. Position the feet on a platform provided with rollers so that the ladder is at the particular la
30、dders median operating angle 3. If a catch is fitted to one side only, carry out the test on the side opposite to the catch. Apply a pre-load of 1 000 N over 100 mm 100 mm in the centre of: a) the central tread or rung F2; b) the top tread or rung F1; c) the tread or rung nearest to the joint(s), hi
31、nges(s) or overlap(s) of the stiles. Maintain the force on points F1and F2in turn for 60 s. Measure the deformation of the stile after the pre-load. This now represents the reference point from which subsequent deformation will be recorded. Apply the total test force of 2 600 N on each point in turn
32、 over 100 mm 100 mm and maintain for 60 s. Remove the load and examine the stiles and record any permanent deformation. Also check that the ladder is capable of being stowed and un-stowed. After removal of the test loads no visible permanent deformation shall occur on the hinge-joints, opening restr
33、aint devices and their attachments. The ladder shall not show any visible damage such as cracks, indentations, etc. For sliding and folding/hinged loft ladders the maximum permissible permanent deformation f is less than or equal to (0,005 maximum extended length of stiles) mm. For all types of loft
34、 ladder any permanent deformation shall not impair the fitness for use of the ladder and the ladder shall still be capable of being stowed and un-stowed. BS EN 14975:2006+A1:2010EN 14975:2006+A1:2010 (E) 9 Key 1 roller Figure 5 Static load test 5.3 Fatigue test Set up the ladder at its maximum lengt
35、h (fully extended) and adjust it in accordance with the manufacturers instructions, perpendicular to the pivot line of the top hinge. If a catch is fitted to one side only, carry out the test on the side to which the catch is fitted. Apply cyclically a load of 1 500 N, 75 mm from the inside face of
36、one stile 5 000 times at a maximum rate of 1 cycle per second on the central tread or rung. On completion of the test, visually examine the loft ladder. There shall be no structural damage and the ladder shall be capable of being stowed and un-stowed. The residual deflection of the stiles and rungs
37、or treads shall not exceed 20 mm per metre of length. 5.4 Torsion test of rungs or treads A torque of 50 N m shall be applied on the mid-point of the rung or step via a 100 mm wide clamping device. The torque shall be applied alternately 10 times in a clockwise and 10 times in a counter-clockwise di
38、rection for a period of 10 s each. During testing there shall be no relative movement in the connection between stile and rung/tread. After the test the permanent deformation shall be a maximum of 1 and there shall be no damage to the joint between the stile and the rung or tread. 5.5 Handrail test
39、This test is only to be performed when a handrail is fitted or supplied by the manufacturer. Set up the ladder at its maximum length (fully extended) and adjust it in accordance with the manufacturers instructions, perpendicular to the pivot line of the top hinge. Place a stop to prevent movement of
40、 the foot of the stile to BS EN 14975:2006+A1:2010EN 14975:2006+A1:2010 (E) 10 which the handrail being tested is attached. Apply a static load F of 400 N over a 100 mm pad to the centre of the rung or tread nearest the centre of the extended ladder (see Figure 6). Maintain this load in position for
41、 the duration of the tests. Apply each test force sufficiently slowly to eliminate any dynamic effects. Apply each force 10 times and maintain it for 5 s each time. Apply outward forces A, B and C in two directions (perpendicular and parallel to the plane of the ladder) and a downward force D parall
42、el to the plane of the ladder. Apply the forces given in Table 1 at the positions shown in Figure 6 and apply the outward forces A, B and C also at any other point on the handrail which, due to its design, is likely to cause failure. Apply each force separately in the order A-B-C-D. Upon completion
43、of each of the test loads there shall be no failure of handrail fixings and the permanent deformation at the points of application of load shall not exceed 15 mm. The distance between the stile and the handrail during the test shall not be less than 15 mm. Table 1 Test loads for handrail test Direct
44、ion ForceN Outward force A 100 Outward force B 100 Outward force C 100 Downward force D 500 Static load F 400 Figure 6 Handrail test BS EN 14975:2006+A1:2010EN 14975:2006+A1:2010 (E) 11 5.6 Ladder stops test This test is only to be performed on pull-out sliding ladders (see 3.2.3.2). Carry out the t
45、est with the ladder fully assembled and correctly fitted by its point of support. Multi-section ladders shall be set to the fully closed position, with catches engaged. Devices which restrict the descent of the top section by adjustable frictional effect, shall be set to the lowest frictional influe
46、nce. Hold the ladder assembly with the longitudinal axis of the stiles in the vertical plane. Set the ladder top section at its maximum vertical position (see Figure 7 a). Allow the assembly to fall vertically through the point of support, coming to rest with the top stop against its designed arrest
47、ing point (see Figure 7 b). Carry out this procedure a total of 10 times. On completion of the test the stops shall remain in position and sections of the ladder shall not become disengaged. Key 1 ladder at fully closed position stiles held in vertical plane 2 top section at maximum vertical height
48、3 fixing point 4 top stop against its arresting point Figure 7 Ladders stops test 5.7 Rungs or treads bending test Set up the ladder at the particular ladders median operating angle and adjust it in accordance with the manufacturers instructions. Support the stiles and apply a vertical force of 2 60
49、0 N, distributed over a length of 100 mm across the complete width of the rung or tread, in the centre of the rung or tread for 60 s. Remove the load and examine the rung or tread. The maximum permissible permanent deflection shall be less than or equal to 3 mm. 6 Ladder construction and design 6.1 General For measurement purposes, the ladder set up and adjusted in accordan
