1、BSI Standards PublicationBS EN 16407-1:2014Non-destructive testing Radiographic inspection ofcorrosion and deposits in pipesby X- and gamma raysPart 1: Tangential radiographic inspectionBS EN 16407-1:2014 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 16407-1:2
2、014.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee WEE/46, Non-destructive testing.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Use
3、rs are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2014. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2014ISBN 978 0 580 77930 5ICS 19.100; 23.040.01Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the author
4、ity of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 January 2014.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS EN 16407-1:2014EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 16407-1 January 2014 ICS 19.100; 23.040.01 English Version Non-destructive testing - Radiographic inspectio
5、n of corrosion and deposits in pipes by X- and gamma rays - Part 1: Tangential radiographic inspection Essais non destructifs - Examen radiographique de la corrosion et des dpts dans les canalisations, par rayons X et rayons gamma - Partie 1: Examen radiographique tangentiel Zerstrungsfreie Prfung -
6、 Durchstrahlungsprfung auf Korrosion und Ablagerungen in Rohren mit Rntgen- und Gammastrahlen - Teil 1: Tangentiale Durchstrahlungsprfung This European Standard was approved by CEN on 26 October 2013. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the condi
7、tions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists
8、 in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national stand
9、ards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slo
10、venia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2014 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserve
11、d worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 16407-1:2014 EBS EN 16407-1:2014EN 16407-1:2014 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 4 1 Scope 5 2 Normative references 5 3 Terms and definitions .6 4 Classification of radiographic techniques 8 5 General 8 5.1 Protection against ionising radiation 8 5.2 Per
12、sonnel qualification .9 5.3 Identification of radiographs 9 5.4 Marking .9 5.5 Overlap of films or digital images 9 5.6 Types and positions of image quality indicators (IQI) .9 5.6.1 Single wire or step hole IQIs .9 5.6.2 Duplex wire IQI (digital radiographs) .9 6 Recommended techniques for making r
13、adiographs . 10 6.1 Test arrangements 10 6.1.1 General . 10 6.1.2 Radiation source located on the pipe centre line 10 6.1.3 Radiation source located offset from the pipe centre line . 11 6.1.4 Alignment of beam and film/detector . 13 6.2 Choice of radiation source 13 6.3 Film systems and metal scree
14、ns. 14 6.4 Screens and shielding for imaging plates (computed radiography only) 16 6.5 Reduction of scattered radiation . 17 6.5.1 Filters and collimators . 17 6.5.2 Interception of back scattered radiation 18 6.6 Source-to-detector distance 18 6.7 Axial coverage and overlap . 19 6.8 Dimensional com
15、parators 20 6.9 Image saturation and use of lead strips to avoid burn-off . 21 6.10 Selection of digital radiographic equipment 21 6.10.1 General . 21 6.10.2 CR systems . 22 6.10.3 DDA systems . 22 7 Radiograph/digital image sensitivity, quality and evaluation 22 7.1 Evaluation of image quality . 22
16、 7.1.1 General . 22 7.1.2 Maximum grey level in free beam (digital radiographs) . 22 7.1.3 Minimum normalized signal to noise ratio (digital radiographs) . 22 7.2 Density of film radiographs . 23 7.3 Film processing 23 7.4 Film viewing conditions . 23 7.5 Dimensional calibration of radiographs or di
17、gital images . 24 7.5.1 General . 24 7.5.2 Measurement of distances in radiographic setup . 24 7.5.3 Measurement of pipe outside diameter 25 BS EN 16407-1:2014EN 16407-1:2014 (E) 3 7.5.4 Dimensional comparator 25 7.6 Wall thickness measurements for film radiographs 26 7.7 Wall thickness measurements
18、 for digital radiographs 26 7.7.1 Interactive on-screen measurements 26 7.7.2 Grey-level profile analysis methods 26 8 Digital image recording, storage, processing and viewing 27 8.1 Scan and read out of image 27 8.2 Multi radiograph technique 27 8.3 Calibration of DDAs . 28 8.4 Bad pixel interpolat
19、ion 28 8.5 Image processing 28 8.6 Digital image recording and storage . 28 8.7 Monitor viewing conditions 29 9 Test report 29 Annex A (normative) Determination of basic spatial resolution 31 Annex B (informative) Choice of radiation source for different pipes 35 Bibliography 36 BS EN 16407-1:2014EN
20、 16407-1:2014 (E) 4 Foreword This document (EN 16407-1:2014) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 138 “Non-destructive testing”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text o
21、r by endorsement, at the latest by July 2014, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by July 2014. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for i
22、dentifying any or all such patent rights. EN 16407 consists of the following parts, under the general title Non-destructive testing Radiographic inspection of corrosion and deposits in pipes by X- and gamma rays: Part 1: Tangential radiographic inspection; Part 2: Double wall radiographic inspection
23、. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, G
24、ermany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. BS EN 16407-1:2014EN 16407-1:2014 (E) 5 1 Scope This European Standard specifies fund
25、amental techniques of film and digital radiography with the object of enabling satisfactory and repeatable results to be obtained economically. The techniques are based on generally recognized practice and fundamental theory of the subject. This European Standard applies to the radiographic examinat
26、ion of pipes in metallic materials for service induced flaws such as corrosion pitting, generalized corrosion and erosion. Besides its conventional meaning, “pipe” as used in this standard should be understood to cover other cylindrical bodies such as tubes, penstocks, boiler drums and pressure vess
27、els. Weld inspection for typical welding process induced flaws is not covered, but weld inspection is included for corrosion/erosion type flaws. The pipes may be insulated or not, and can be assessed where loss of material due, for example, to corrosion or erosion is suspected either internally or e
28、xternally. This part of EN 16407 covers the tangential inspection technique for detection and through-wall sizing of wall loss, including: a) with the source on the pipe centre line, and b) with the source offset from it by the pipe radius. Part 2 of EN 16407 covers double wall radiography, and note
29、 that the double wall double image technique is often combined with tangential radiography with the source on the pipe centre line. This European Standard applies to tangential radiographic inspection using industrial radiographic film techniques, computed digital radiography (CR) and digital detect
30、or arrays (DDA). 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (in
31、cluding any amendments) applies. EN 14784-1, Non-destructive testing Industrial computed radiography with storage phosphor imaging plates Part 1: Classification of systems EN ISO 11699-1, Non-destructive testing Industrial radiographic films Part 1: Classification of film systems for industrial radi
32、ography (ISO 11699-1) EN ISO 11699-2, Non-destructive testing Industrial radiographic films Part 2: Control of film processing by means of reference values (ISO 11699-2) EN ISO 17636-1:2013, Non-destructive testing of welds Radiographic testing Part 1: X- and gamma-ray techniques with film (ISO 1763
33、6-1:2013) EN ISO 19232-5, Non-destructive testing Image quality of radiographs Part 5: Determination of the image unsharpness value using duplex wire-type image quality indicators (ISO 19232-5) BS EN 16407-1:2014EN 16407-1:2014 (E) 6 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the fol
34、lowing terms and definitions apply. 3.1 actual wall thickness tactactual wall thickness of the pipe 3.2 basic spatial resolution of a digital detector SRbdetectorhalf of the measured detector unsharpness in a digital image which corresponds to the effective pixel size and indicates the smallest geom
35、etrical detail, which can be resolved with a digital detector at magnification equal to one Note 1 to entry: For this measurement, the duplex wire IQI is placed directly on the digital detector array or imaging plate. Note 2 to entry: The measurement of unsharpness is described in EN ISO 19232-5, se
36、e also ASTM E2736 18 and ASTM E1000 16. 3.3 comparator C reference object of defined dimension c and material for dimensional calibration of a radiographic image 3.4 computed radiography CR storage phosphor imaging plate system complete system comprising a storage phosphor imaging plate (IP) and a c
37、orresponding read-out unit (scanner or reader), which converts the information from the IP into a digital image 3.5 detector D radiographic image detector consisting of a NDT film system (see EN ISO 11699-1) or a digital radiography system using an imaging plate system (CR system) or a DDA system No
38、te 1 to entry: Film systems and IPs can be used as flexible and curved detectors or in planar cassettes. 3.6 digital detector array system DDA system electronic device converting ionizing or penetrating radiation into a discrete array of analogue signals which are subsequently digitised and transfer
39、red to a computer for display as a digital image corresponding to the radiologic energy pattern imparted upon the input region of the device 3.7 maximum penetrated thickness wmaxmaximum thickness of material for a pipe which occurs for a tangent to the inner pipe surface BS EN 16407-1:2014EN 16407-1
40、:2014 (E) 7 3.8 measured wall thickness tmeasmeasured wall thickness of the pipe on the radiograph or digital image 3.9 nominal wall thickness t thickness of the pipe material only where manufacturing tolerances do not have to be taken into account 3.10 normalized signal-to-noise ratio SNRNsignal-to
41、-noise ratio, SNR, normalised by the basic spatial resolution, SRb, as measured directly in the digital image and/or calculated from the measured SNR, SNRmeasured, by: N measuredb88,6mSNR =SNRSR3.11 object-to-detector distance b distance between the radiation side of the test object and the detector
42、 surface measured along the central axis of the radiation beam 3.12 outside diameter Denominal outside diameter of the pipe 3.13 pipe centre to detector distance PDD distance between the pipe centre and the detector 3.14 pixel size geometrical centre-to-centre distance between adjacent pixels in a r
43、ow (horizontal pitch) or column (vertical pitch) of the scanned image SOURCE: EN 14096-2:2003, 3.2 3.15 signal-to-noise ratio SNR ratio of mean value of the linearized grey values to the standard deviation of the linearized grey values (noise) in a given region of interest in a digital image 3.16 so
44、urce size d size of the radiation source SOURCE: EN 12679:1999, 2.1 BS EN 16407-1:2014EN 16407-1:2014 (E) 8 3.17 source-to-detector distance SDD distance between the source of radiation and the detector measured in the direction of the beam 3.18 source-to-object distance f distance between the sourc
45、e of radiation and the source side of the test object measured along the central axis of the radiation beam 3.19 source-to-pipe centre distance SPD distance between the source of radiation and the pipe centre (pipe axis) measured in the direction of the beam 3.20 storage phosphor imaging plate IP ph
46、otostimulable luminescent material capable of storing a latent radiographic image of a material being examined and, upon stimulation by a source of red light of appropriate wavelength, generates luminescence proportional to radiation absorbed 4 Classification of radiographic techniques The tangentia
47、l radiographic techniques are divided into two classes: basic technique TA; improved technique TB. The basic techniques, TA, are intended for tangential radiography of generalized wall loss, such as that due to erosion or large scale corrosion. The improved techniques, TB, should be used for the mor
48、e demanding tangential radiography of localized corrosion pitting flaws, which require higher sensitivity for detection and sizing. Further technique improvements beyond TB are possible and may be agreed between the contracting parties by specification of all appropriate test parameters. The choice
49、of radiographic technique shall be agreed between the concerned parties. 5 General 5.1 Protection against ionising radiation WARNING Exposure of any part of the human body to X-rays or gamma-rays can be highly injurious to health. Wherever X-ray equipment or radioactive sources are in use, appropriate legal requirements shall be applied. Local or national or international safety precautions when using ionizing radiation shall be strictly applied. BS EN 16407-1:2014EN 16407-1:2014 (E) 9 5.2 Personnel qualification Testing shall be carr
