1、BSI Standards PublicationBS EN ISO 16828:2014Non-destructive testing Ultrasonic testing Time-of-flight diffraction technique asa method for detection andsizing of discontinuities (ISO16828:2012)BS EN ISO 16828:2014 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN
2、 ISO16828:2014. It is identical to ISO 16828:2012. It supersedes BS EN583-6:2008 which is withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee WEE/46, Non-destructive testing.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secre
3、tary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2014. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2014ISBN 978 0 580 82687 0ICS 19.100Compliance with a British Standard cannot confe
4、r immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 March 2014.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedEUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN ISO 16828 March 2014 ICS 19.100 Supersedes
5、 EN 583-6:2008English Version Non-destructive testing - Ultrasonic testing - Time-of-flight diffraction technique as a method for detection and sizing of discontinuities (ISO 16828:2012) Essais non destructifs - Contrle par ultrasons - Technique de diffraction du temps de vol utilise comme mthode de
6、 dtection et de dimensionnement des discontinuits (ISO 16828:2012) Zerstrungsfreie Prfung - Ultraschallprfung - Beugungslaufzeittechnik, eine Technik zum Auffinden und Ausmessen von Inhomogenitten (ISO 16828:2012) This European Standard was approved by CEN on 9 February 2014. CEN members are bound t
7、o comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-C
8、ENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has
9、the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxe
10、mbourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Bruss
11、els 2014 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN ISO 16828:2014 EBS EN ISO 16828:2014EN ISO 16828:2014 (E) 3 Foreword The text of ISO 16828:2012 has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 135 “Non-destructive testing”
12、of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and has been taken over as EN ISO 16828:2014 by Technical Committee CEN/TC 138 “Non-destructive testing” the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publicati
13、on of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by September 2014, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by September 2014. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC
14、shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document supersedes EN 583-6:2008. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bul
15、garia, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, T
16、urkey and the United Kingdom. Endorsement notice The text of ISO 16828:2012 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 16828:2014 without any modification. BS EN ISO 16828:2014ISO 16828:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved iiiContents Page Introduction vi 1 Scope1 2 Normative references1 3 Terms, definition
17、s, symbols and abbreviations.2 3.1 Terms and definitions .2 3.2 Abbreviations.2 3.3 Symbols2 4 General .3 4.1 Principle of the technique.3 4.2 Requirements for surface condition and couplant 5 4.3 Materials and process type 5 5 Qualification of personnel 5 6 Equipment requirements 5 6.1 Ultrasonic e
18、quipment and display.5 6.2 Ultrasonic probes 6 6.3 Scanning mechanisms7 7 Equipment set-up procedures .7 7.1 General .7 7.2 Probe choice and probe separation 8 7.2.1 Probe selection8 7.2.2 Probe separation .9 7.3 Time window setting .9 7.4 Sensitivity setting9 7.5 Scan resolution setting.10 7.6 Sett
19、ing of scanning speed10 7.7 Checking system performance 10 8 Interpretation and analysis of data10 8.1 Basic analysis of discontinuities.10 8.1.1 General .10 8.1.2 Characterisation of discontinuities .10 8.1.3 Estimation of discontinuity position .11 8.1.4 Estimation of discontinuity length 11 8.1.5
20、 Estimation of discontinuity depth and height 12 8.2 Detailed analysis of discontinuities 12 8.2.1 General .12 8.2.2 Additional scans13 8.2.3 Additional algorithms14 9 Detection and sizing in complex geometries .14 10 Limitations of the technique.14 10.1 General .14 10.2 Accuracy and resolution.15 1
21、0.2.1 General .15 10.2.2 Errors in the lateral position 15 10.2.3 Timing errors .15 10.2.4 Errors in sound velocity .15 10.2.5 Errors in probe centre separation .15 10.2.6 Spatial resolution 16 10.3 Dead zones.16 Foreword .v BS EN ISO 16828:2014ISO 16828:2012(E) iv ISO 2012 All rights reserved11 TOF
22、D examination without data recording .16 12 Test procedure.17 13 Test report 17 Annex A (normative) Reference blocks 18 Bibliography 19 BS EN ISO 16828:2014ISO 16828:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved vForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of n
23、ational standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. Inter
24、national organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the
25、 rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by
26、 at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 16828 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO
27、/TC 135, Non-destructive testing, Subcommittee SC 3, Ultrasonic testing. BS EN ISO 16828:2014ISO 16828:2012(E) vi ISO 2012 All rights reservedIntroduction This International Standard is based on EN 583-6:2008, Non-destructive testing Ultrasonic examination Part 6: Time-of-flight diffraction techniqu
28、e as a method for detection and sizing of discontinuities. The following International Standards are linked. ISO 16810, Non-destructive testing Ultrasonic testing General principles ISO 16811, Non-destructive testing Ultrasonic testing Sensitivity and range setting ISO 16823, Non-destructive testing
29、 Ultrasonic testing Transmission technique ISO 16826, Non-destructive testing Ultrasonic testing Examination for discontinuities perpendicular to the surface ISO 16827, Non-destructive testing Ultrasonic testing Characterization and sizing of discontinuities ISO 16828, Non-destructive testing Ultras
30、onic testing Time-of-flight diffraction technique as a method for detection and sizing of discontinuities BS EN ISO 16828:201412 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For u
31、ndated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 9712, Non-destructive testing Qualification and certification of NDT personnel General principles ISO 16810, Non-destructive testing Ultrasonic WHVWLQJ General principles ISO 16811, Non-destructi
32、ve testing Ultrasonic WHVWLQJ Sensitivity and range setting EN 12668-1, Non-destructive testing Characterization and verification of ultrasonic examination equipment Part 1: Instruments EN 12668-2, Non-destructive testing Characterization and verification of ultrasonic examination equipment Part 2:
33、Probes INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16828:2012(E)Non-destructive testing Ultrasonic testing Time-of-flight diffraction technique as a method for detection and sizing of discontinuities 1 Scope This International Standard defines the general principles for the application of the time-of-flight diffract
34、ion (TOFD) technique for both detection and sizing of discontinuities in low alloyed carbon steel components. It can also be used for other types of materials, provided the application of the TOFD technique is performed with necessary consideration of geometry, acoustical properties of the materials
35、, and the sensitivity of the examination. Although it is applicable, in general terms, to discontinuities in materials and applications covered by ISO 16810, it contains references to the application on welds. This approach has been chosen for reasons of clarity as to the ultrasonic probe positions
36、and directions of scanning. Unless otherwise specified in the referencing documents, the minimum requirements of this International Standard are applicable. Unless explicitly stated otherwise, this International Standard is applicable to the following product classes as defined in ISO 16811: class 1
37、, without restrictions; classes 2 and 3, specified restrictions apply. NOTE 1 See Clause 9. The inspection of products of classes 4 and 5 requires special procedures, which are also addressed. NOTE 2 See Clause 9. NOTE 3 Techniques for the use of TOFD for weld inspection are described in ISO 10863.
38、NOTE 4 The related acceptance criteria are given in ISO 15626. ISO 2012 All rights reservedBS EN ISO 16828:20142 EN 12668-3, Non-destructive testing Characterization and verification of ultrasonic examination equipment Part 3: Combined equipment 3 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviations 3.1 Te
39、rms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1.1 scanning surface dead zone zone where indications may be obscured due to the interface echo (lateral wave) 3.1.2 back wall dead zone dead zone where signals may be obscured by the presence of the
40、back wall echo 3.1.3 A-scan display of the ultrasonic signal amplitude as a function of time 3.1.4 B-scan display of the time-of-flight of the ultrasonic signal as a function of probe displacement 3.1.5 non-parallel scan scan perpendicular to the ultrasonic beam direction (see Figure 4) 3.1.6 parall
41、el scan scan parallel to the ultrasonic beam direction (see Figure 5) 3.2 Abbreviations TOFD: time-of-flight diffraction 3.3 Symbols Figure 1 Coordinate definition ISO 16828:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reservedBS EN ISO 16828:20143x coordinate parallel to the scanning surface and parallel to a prede
42、termined reference line. In case of weld inspection this reference line should coincide with the weld. The origin of the axes may be defined as best suits the specimen under examination (see Figure 1); x discontinuity length; y coordinate parallel to the scanning surface, perpendicular to the predet
43、ermined reference line (see Figure 1); y error in lateral position; z coordinate perpendicular to the scanning surface (see Figure 1); z discontinuity height; d depth of a discontinuity tip below the scanning surface; d error in depth; Ddsscanning-surface dead zone; Ddwback wall dead zone; c sound v
44、elocity; c error in sound velocity; R spatial resolution; t time-of-flight from the transmitter to the receiver; t time-of-flight difference between the lateral wave and a second ultrasonic signal; t error in time-of-flight; tdtime-of-flight at depth d; tpduration of the ultrasonic pulse measured at
45、 10 % of the peak amplitude; twtime-of-flight of the back wall echo; s half the distance between the index points of two ultrasonic probes; s error in half the probe separation; W wall thickness. 4 General 4.1 Principle of the technique The TOFD technique relies on the interaction of ultrasonic wave
46、s with the tips of discontinuities. This interaction results in the emission of diffracted waves over a large angular range. Detection of the diffracted waves makes it possible to establish the presence of the discontinuity. The time-of-flight of the recorded signals is a measure for the height of t
47、he discontinuity, thus enabling sizing of the defect. The dimension of ISO 16828:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reservedBS EN ISO 16828:20144 the discontinuity is always determined from the time-of-flight of the diffracted signals. The signal amplitude is not used in size estimation. Key 1 transmitter
48、d discontinuity 2 receiver e lower tip a lateral wave f back wall echo b upper tip Figure 2 Basic TOFD configuration The basic configuration for the TOFD technique consists of a separate ultrasonic transmitter and receiver (see Figure 2). Wide-angle beam compression wave probes are normally used sin
49、ce the diffraction of ultrasonic waves is only weakly dependent on the orientation of the discontinuity tip. This enables the inspection of a certain volume in one scan. However, restrictions apply to the size of the volume that can be inspected during a single scan (see 7.2). The first signal to arrive at the receiver after emission of an ultrasonic pulse is usually the lateral wave which travels just beneath the upper surface of the test specimen. In the
