1、GEIA ENGINEERING BULLETIN Human Engineering - Principles and Practices HEBl-A December 2005 GOVERNMENT ELECTRONICS AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ASSOCIATION R3,b A5 A Sector of the Electronzc Industries Allzanc Copyright Government Electronics * achieve required effectiveness of human performance durin
2、g system operation, maintenance, support, control, and transport; * make economical demands upon personnel resources, skills, training, and costs; and * improve human performance to maximize system performance. * effect safe, efficient life support, escape, search and recovery of personnel. The HE e
3、ffort should include, but not necessarily be limited to, active participation in the following three major interrelated areas of system development. 2.1.1 Analysis Starting with a mission analysis developed from a baseline concept of operations and operational scenario, the functions that must be pe
4、rformed by the system in achieving its mission objectives should be identified and described. These functions should be analyzed to determine their best allocation to personnel, hardware, software, or combinations thereof. Allocated functions should be further dissected to define the specific tasks
5、that must be performed to accomplish the functions. Each task should be analyzed to determine the human performance parameters; the system, equipment, and software capabilities; and the tactical/environmental conditions under which the tasks will be conducted. Task parameters should be quantified wh
6、ere possible, and should be expressed in a form that permits effectiveness studies of the human-system interfaces in relation to the total system operation. HE high-risk areas should be identified as part of the analysis. Analyses should be updated as required to remain current with the design effor
7、t. 1 Copyright Government Electronics quantify such risks and their impacts on cost, schedule, and performance; evaluate and define the sensitivity of such risks to HE design; identify alternative solutions to moderate- and high-risk HE problems and define the associated risks of each alternative; t
8、ake actions to avoid, minimize, control, or accept each HE risk. 2 Copyright Government Electronics and ensure that human performance/design risk is an element of management awareness/control specification requirements. 2.4 Reviews 2.4.1 Major technical reviews HE practitioners should participate in
9、 the major technical reviews, as applicable to the acquisition phases indicated, which include: * Analysis of Alternatives * System Requirements Review * System Design Review * Preliminary Design Review (PDR) * Critical Design Review (CDR) * System Verification Review HE practitioners should also pa
10、rticipate in other important technical activities that further HE efforts (e.g., mission analysis, and test and evaluation planning). 2.4.2 Subsystem reviews HE practitioners should also participate in subsystem reviews, including, where applicable, software specification, test readiness, and functi
11、onal reviews (e.g., support, training, systems engineering, test, and manufacturing reviews). 2.5 Cognizance and coordination The HE program should be integrated into the total system program. In particular, HE should be coordinated with systems engineering, software engineering, RAM (reliability, a
12、vailability, and maintainability), system safety, survivability/vulnerability, facilities engineering, Integrated Logistic Support (ILS) and Logistics Support Analysis (LSA), and other HE-related functions, including biomedical, life support, personnel survivability, habitability, personnel, and tra
13、ining functions. (See International Standards Organization (ISO) 13407 5 for information on a human-centered design process for interactive systems). HE data should be provided for incorporation into Logistic Management Information (LMI). The HE effort should utilize the LMI reports as source data w
14、here possible. The HE portion of any analysis, design, or T equipment procedures; and skill, training, and communication requirements; and as inputs to Logistics Support Analysis, as applicable. All analyses of tasks should use the task taxonomy expressed in MIL- HDBK-1908 6. 3.1.3.1 Analysis of tas
15、ks Analyses of tasks should be conducted and should provide one of the bases for making conceptual design decisions. For example, task analyses should be considered in determining, before hardware fabrication, whether system performance and maintenance requirements can be met by the combination of a
16、nticipated hardware, software, and personnel, and in ensuring that human performance requirements do not exceed human capabilities. Time requirements for tasks should be evaluated for task duration versus time availability, task sequencing, and task simultaneity. Task requirements should be evaluate
17、d, as applicable, for accuracy, precision, completeness, and the effects of task feedback and error tolerance/error recovery on performance. These analyses should also consider effects of sustained/continuous operations on human performance. Tasks identified during HE analyses that require performan
18、ce of critical tasks, reflect possible unsafe practices, or show the potential for improvements in operating efficiency should be further analyzed for redesign. 3.1.3.2 Analysis of critical tasks Further analysis of critical tasks should identify the: * * information available to operatodmaintainer,
19、 * evaluation process, * decision reached after evaluation, * action taken, * body movements required by the action taken, * workspace envelope required by the action taken, * workspace available, * location and condition of the work environment, information required by the operatodmaintainer, inclu
20、ding cues for task initiation, 6 Copyright Government Electronics this notification should include the estimated effect on the system if the problem is not resolved. To avoid duplication of effort, the applicability and utility of existing HE and other relevant data bases (e.g., general literature,
21、research reports, and study reports) should be determined before initiating major efforts. For guidance on HE T finger, hand, arm, foot, leg, and other access and reach; visual field; and strength. Computer models should not be used for compliance testing of human performance and HE design. When use
22、d for predictive purposes, such models should produce accurate and empirically repeatable, valid outputs. Computer models, simulations, rapid prototyping outputs, and CAD/CAM designs and analyses should be accessible to the customer and should, as applicable, be available during technical meetings a
23、nd design reviews to facilitate concurrent engineering. 3.2.2.2 Three-dimensional mockups At the earliest practical point in the development program and well before fabrication of system prototypes, full-scale three-dimensional mockups of equipment involving critical human performance should be cons
24、tructed. The mockups should be constructed sufficiently early to ensure that results of HE evaluations can influence design. The mockups should be no more elaborate or expensive than is essential to represent those aspects of the human-system interface to be evaluated. These mockups should provide a
25、 basis for resolving operational and maintenance access, workspace, and related HE problems, and for incorporating solutions into system design. In those design areas that involve critical human performance and for which human performance measurements are necessary, development of functional mockups
26、 should be considered. The mockups should be available for inspection as determined by the customer. (Disposition of mockups after they have served the purposes of the contract will be stipulated by the customer.) 3.2.2.3 Scale models Scale models may be used to supplement three-dimensional computer
27、 models, rapid prototyping, CAD/CAM, or mockup methods, but should not be substituted for mockups unless such substitution provides equivalent, valid, repeatable, and accurate information in a cost-effective and timely manner. 3.2.3 Dynamic mockups Dynamic mockups, also known as engineering simulato
28、rs (full-scale physical models that simulate functions), may be used when static three-dimensional mockups are inadequate for assessing human performance in the design of complex systems. These mockups may be used to: * * * evaluate operator procedures and equipment/operator interfaces, and identify
29、 any potentially unsafe procedures and unacceptable workload demands; evaluate the non-mechanical aspects of a design, such as control dynamics, communications, information, electronic displays, and display formats; emulate user-system performance to derive estimates of performance for alternate des
30、ign configurations and cost-effectiveness evaluations of variable manpower, personnel, and training parameters; evaluate biomedical and environmental considerations; and * 9 Copyright Government Electronics and arctic, desert, and tropical conditions, provisions for minimizing the effects of positiv
31、e and negative acceleration forces, including linear, angular, and radial, protection from physical and performance effects of acoustic noise (steady state and impulse), vibration, and impact forces, provisions for maintaining human performance during weightlessness, provisions for minimizing disori
32、entation, adequate space for personnel, their movement, and their equipment, adequate physical, visual, and auditory interfaces between personnel and their equipment, including provision for proper eye position in relation to display surfaces, controls, and external visual areas, safe and efficient
33、walkways, stairways, platforms, and inclines, provisions for minimizing physiological stresses, provisions for minimizing psychological stresses, 10 Copyright Government Electronics inertia reels; and similar items) appropriate to mission phase and their operability compatible with control, display,
34、 and PPE utilization, and adequate space, clearance, and layout for normal ingredegress and emergency escape from hatches, crew workstations and aircraft crew stations. 3.2.6 HE in performance and design specifications The provisions of performance, design, and procurement specifications prepared by
35、 the contractor should invoke applicable HE design criteria such as MIL-STD-1472. 3.2.7 Procedure development Based upon the human performance functions and tasks identified by HE analyses, the contractor should apply HE principles and criteria to the development of procedures for operating, maintai
36、ning, or otherwise using the system equipment. HE is applied to procedure development to ensure that the human functions and tasks identified through HE analysis are organized and sequenced for efficiency, safety, and reliability; to provide inputs to the Logistics Support Analysis where required; a
37、nd to provide inputs to the development of operational, training, and technical publications. The development of procedures should minimize training, and consider the possible culturally diverse nature of the operational, maintenance, and support population. 3.2.8 Software development The contractor
38、 should apply HE principles to software architecture and design in those systems where software determines part of the human interface. Software that affects controls and displays should be evaluated for its impact on the human-system interface. Automated system functions that require human monitori
39、ng or intervention should be considered part of the human-system interface. Multifunction controls and displays that vary in function depending on system software should also be considered part of the human-system interface. 11 Copyright Government Electronics confirm compliance with system performa
40、nce requirements where personnel performance is a system performance determinant; secure quantitative measures of system performance that are a function of the human interaction with equipment; and determine whether undesirable design or procedural features have been introduced. Maximum use should b
41、e made of the data collected from experiments, tests, and studies (see 32,j.). Both qualitative and quantitative data can be used to support HE efforts in the T critical tasks; a representative sample of non-critical scheduled and unscheduled maintenance tasks that do not duplicate the tasks selecte
42、d for the maintainability demonstration; proposed job aids, new equipment training programs, training equipment, and special support equipment; use of personnel who are: representative of the range of the intended user populations in terms of skills, size, and strength; wearing suitable garments and
43、 equipment appropriate to the tasks; and approved by the customer (use of personnel from the intended user population is preferred); collection of task performance data in actual operational environments, or in simulated environments if collection in the actual operating environment is not possible;
44、 identification of discrepancies between required and obtained task performance; and criteria for acceptable performance or rejection of the test. 3.3.3 Failure and error analysis All failures occurring during T operational procedures, acceleration, shock, vibration, and radiation. h u m an -com put
45、 er i n t e rfa ce : Se e human engineering: The application of knowledge about human capabilities and limitations to system or equipment design and development to achieve efficient, effective, and safe system performance at minimum cost and manpower, skill, and training demands. Human engineering a
46、ssures that the system or equipment design, required human tasks, and work environment are compatible with the sensory, perceptual, mental, and physical attributes of the personnel who will operate, maintain, control, and support it. human engineering design criteria: Stated limits on design to achi
47、eve the objectives of h u man eng i neeri ng . human factors: A body of scientific facts about human characteristics. The term covers all biomedical and psychosocial considerations; it includes, but is not limited to, principles and applications in the areas of human engineering, personnel selection
48、, training, life support, job performance aids, and human performance evaluation. human performance: A measure of human functions and action in a specified environment, reflecting the ability of actual users and maintainers to meet the system?s performance standards, including reliability and mainta
49、inability, under the conditions in which the system will be employed. human-system integration (HSI): A comprehensive management and technical strategy to ensure that human performance; the burden design imposes on manpower, personnel, and training; and safety and health aspects are considered throughout system design and development. lesson learned: A proven experience of value in the conduct of future programs. It is normally a conclusion drawn from evaluation of feedback information or from analysis of the performance resulting from technical and management functional activities. A less
