1、 WORLDWIDE ENGINEERING STANDARDS Test Procedure GMW14163 Tapered Joint Draw-in Characteristics Copyright 2012 General Motors Company All Rights Reserved November 2012 Originating Department: North American Engineering Standards Page 1 of 14 1 Scope Note: Nothing in this standard supercedes applicabl
2、e laws and regulations. Note: In the event of conflict between the English and domestic language, the English language shall take precedence. 1.1 Purpose. To determine the dynamic installation characteristics of tapered joints including suspension and steering components by means of torque vs. angle
3、 and torque vs. displacement data. 1.2 Foreword. 1.2.1 Limitations. This procedure does not apply to pulse tools. 1.3 Applicability. 1.3.1 This procedure applies to tapered joints of all vehicles. 1.3.2 Unless otherwise specified, this procedure applies to the initial tightening event of joints usin
4、g threaded fasteners with new thread and bearing surfaces and new clamped members. 2 References Note: Only the latest approved standards are applicable unless otherwise specified. 2.1 External Standards/Specifications. None 2.2 GM Standards/Specifications. GMW15569 2.3 Additional References. Data Ac
5、quisition System Manufacturers Operating Procedure Tool Manufacturers Operating Procedure 3 Resources 3.1 Facilities. GM-approved laboratory or location for this test procedure. 3.2 Equipment. 3.2.1 Fixture or vise to hold the components in a stationary position. 3.2.2 A power tool capable of the ma
6、ximum required torque/revolutions per minute. The requestor may request that a production power tool be used. 3.2.3 In-line torque-angle transducer. 3.2.4 Linear displacement transducer. 3.2.5 Data acquisition system capable of collecting data at a sampling rate of at least 1000 Hz, plotting data at
7、 user specified scales, and identifying data at all points on the curve. 3.3 Test Vehicle/Test Piece. 3.3.1 Sixteen samples of ball stud and mating part with tapered hole for Test No. 1, Dynamic Draw-into Ultimate Torque. Eight samples to be tested with lubrication, eight without lubrication, or eig
8、ht as-received assemblies (optional). For fewer samples, discuss the test configuration with the Test Requestor. 3.3.2 Sixteen samples of ball stud and mating part with tapered hole for Test No. 2, Dynamic Draw-into Target Torque. Eight samples to be tested with lubrication, eight without lubricatio
9、n, or eight as-received Copyright General Motors Company Provided by IHS under license with General Motors CompanyNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-GM WORLDWIDE ENGINEERING STANDARDS GMW14163 Copyright 2012 General Motors Company All Rights Reserved N
10、ovember 2012 Page 2 of 14 assemblies (optional). For fewer samples, discuss the test configuration with the test requestor. Samples from Test No. 2, Dynamic Draw-in to Target Torque, to be used for Test No. 3, Hand Tighten Serviceability Draw-in. 3.3.3 Lubricant specified by Test Requestor. 3.4 Test
11、 Time. Calendar time: 1 to 2 weeks Test hours: 24 hours Coordination hours: 12 hours 3.5 Test Required Information. Test request documentation should outline specific information and test parameters on Test Required Information Worksheet or similar worksheet (reference Appendix A). 3.6 Personnel/Ski
12、lls. Test Technician shall be qualified on the basis of appropriate education, training, experience and/or demonstrated skills. 4 Procedure 4.1 Preparation. 4.1.1 As-received samples. No preparation is necessary. 4.1.2 Dry and Lubricated Samples. If loose ball studs are provided, go to 4.1.2.2. 4.1.
13、2.1 If entire ball joint assemblies (including grease boot with grease) are provided: 4.1.2.1.1 Cut away the grease boot from the ball stud. Save the grease. Do not allow the grease to get contaminated by dirt, solvents, or any other foreign material. If the correct grease is available separately, u
14、se it instead. 4.1.2.1.2 Remove the ball stud from the ball joint socket by cutting away the socket. Do not damage ball joint taper, shank or threads. 4.1.2.2 Loose ball studs. 4.1.2.2.1 If requested, determine area of contact per 4.1.5 before any further preparation of samples. 4.1.2.2.2 If necessa
15、ry, machine wrench flats on ball of ball studs to enable the use of a backup wrench during tightening. Do not overheat the metal or damage the threads, shank or taper in any way. 4.1.2.2.3 Machine a flat on the top of the ball of the ball studs, perpendicular to the axis of the stud within degree to
16、 provide a surface for the displacement transducer to contact during tightening. Do not overheat the metal or damage the threads, shank or taper in any way. 4.1.3 Dry Sample Preparation. (a) Clean the tapered holes and nut bearing surface of mating parts and, (b) the ball studs with a residue free s
17、olvent. Remove the solvent with clean dry compressed air. 4.1.4 Lubricated Sample Preparation. 4.1.4.1 (a) Clean the tapered holes and nut bearing surface of mating parts and, (b) the ball studs with a residue free solvent. Remove the solvent with clean dry compressed air. 4.1.4.2 Apply a light film
18、 of ball joint grease to the taper of the ball studs. Document what brand and formulation of grease was applied. Use the same type of grease as was used by the ball joint assembly supplier if possible. 4.1.4.3 If production intent is for the ball stud threads to have oil on them at the time the join
19、t is tightened, apply a light film of oil to the threads. Document what brand and formulation of oil was applied. Use the same type of oil as was used by the part supplier if possible. 4.1.4.4 If tapered hole and nut bearing surface of mating parts were originally oily when the parts were received,
20、apply a light film of oil to those surfaces. Document what brand and formulation of oil was applied. Use the same type of oil as was used by the part supplier if possible. 4.1.5 Area of Contact Measurement (Optional). 4.1.5.1 Apply a minimum thickness of non-drying blue light paste to the steering o
21、r suspension component taper evenly with a cotton swab. 4.1.5.2 Force a ball stud with hand pressure onto the steering or suspension component taper with a twisting motion up to 180 degrees. Copyright General Motors Company Provided by IHS under license with General Motors CompanyNot for ResaleNo re
22、production or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-GM WORLDWIDE ENGINEERING STANDARDS GMW14163 Copyright 2012 General Motors Company All Rights Reserved November 2012 Page 3 of 14 4.1.5.3 Remove the ball stud from the component and visually inspect the contact surface using the judgment
23、 of two persons. 4.1.5.4 Estimate and record the percent of area of contact for each component and ball stud pair. 4.1.5.5 Remove the blue paste with a solvent. 4.1.5.6 Identify and save the component and ball stud pairs for the draw-in portion of the test. Caution: When using solvents, use adequate
24、 ventilation. Avoid prolonged breathing of vapor or excessive contact with skin. 4.1.5.7 Any modifications to parts, not specifically requested in the test request and/or this test procedure that may affect test results are to be documented in the test notes. All test configurations, parts and noted
25、 deviations to be approved prior to executing test. 4.2 Conditions. 4.2.1 Environmental Conditions. Not applicable. 4.2.2 Test Conditions. Deviations from the requirements of this standard shall have been agreed upon. Such requirements shall be specified on component drawings, test certificates, rep
26、orts, etc. 4.3 Instructions. 4.3.1 Test No. 1, Dynamic Draw-in to Ultimate Torque. 4.3.1.1 Secure component into a fixture. 4.3.1.2 Install a ball stud into the taper firmly by hand. 4.3.1.3 Fixture the ball stud to prevent rotation during draw-in. Use a backup wrench if required. 4.3.1.4 Use a bar/
27、fixture to prevent axial movement in the opposite direction of draw-in. Caution: To prevent possible injury, set up the fixture to capture the ball stud if it breaks during tightening. 4.3.1.5 Pre-load a linear displacement transducer on the ball end side of the stud to measure draw-in displacement.
28、 4.3.1.6 Select proper tool and transducer with angle encoder (reference GMW15569). 4.3.1.7 Configure data acquisition system to record torque, angle and displacement. 4.3.1.8 Measure and document tool free spinning speed. 4.3.1.9 Align tool and torque transducer to prevent side loading. 4.3.1.10 Un
29、less otherwise specified, test requestor is to approve test setup. 4.3.1.11 Take photographs or digital images of test configuration. 4.3.1.12 Unless otherwise specified, tighten the nut of the first sample to ultimate torque. Record torque, angle, displacement and failure mode (if any). Review with
30、 test requestor and receive approval prior to proceeding. 4.3.1.13 If necessary, adjust the test configuration to comply with instructions of test requestor. 4.3.1.14 Complete test matrix. 4.3.1.15 Summarize test results according to requirements in Section 5 of this procedure. 4.3.2 Test No. 2 Dyna
31、mic Draw-in to Target Torque or Specification (Optional). 4.3.2.1 Secure component into a fixture. 4.3.2.2 Install a ball stud into the taper firmly by hand. Fixture the ball stud to prevent rotation and axial movement in the opposite direction of draw-in as described in Test No. 1. 4.3.2.3 Pre-load
32、 a linear displacement transducer on the ball end side of the stud to measure draw-in displacement. 4.3.2.4 Select proper tool and transducer with angle encoder (reference GMW15569). 4.3.2.5 Configure data acquisition system to record torque, angle and displacement. 4.3.2.6 Measure and document tool
33、 free spinning speed. 4.3.2.7 Align tool and torque transducer to prevent side loading. 4.3.2.8 Unless otherwise specified, test requestor is to approve test setup. 4.3.2.9 Take photograph or digital image of test configuration. Copyright General Motors Company Provided by IHS under license with Gen
34、eral Motors CompanyNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-GM WORLDWIDE ENGINEERING STANDARDS GMW14163 Copyright 2012 General Motors Company All Rights Reserved November 2012 Page 4 of 14 4.3.2.10 Unless otherwise specified, tighten the nut of the first sam
35、ple to target torque or torque plus angle specification specified by the Fastener Designing Engineer. Record torque, angle and displacement. Review with Test Requestor and receive approval prior to proceeding. 4.3.2.11 Measure and record audit torque (reference GMW15569). 4.3.2.12 If necessary, adju
36、st the test configuration to comply with instructions of test requestor. 4.3.2.13 If optional Test No. 3 is to be conducted, it may be performed on each sample immediately after Test No. 2 in order to save teardown and set up time. 4.3.2.14 Complete Test Matrix. 4.3.2.15 Summarize test results accor
37、ding to requirements in Section 5 of this procedure. 4.3.3 Test No. 3 Hand-Tighten Serviceability Draw-in Test (Optional). 4.3.3.1 Prepare the parts tightened in Test No. 2 for Test No. 3 as follows: 4.3.3.2 Pre-load a linear displacement transducer on the ball end side of the stud to measure draw-i
38、n displacement. Establish a new zero Linear Variable Distance Transducer (LVDT) reference. 4.3.3.3 Loosen the nut approximately 2 turns and loosen the stud. If the stud cannot be loosened by hand, use a screw type puller or remover to loosen the stud. Be careful not to lose the LVDT reference. 4.3.3
39、.4 Rotate the stud to a different position. 4.3.3.5 Loosely reassemble the same parts from 4.3.3.1. 4.3.3.6 Configure data acquisition system to record torque, angle and displacement. 4.3.3.7 Align tool and torque transducer to prevent side loading. 4.3.3.8 With a digital torque wrench, hand-tighten
40、 the nut of the first sample to the torque or torque plus angle specification specified by the test requestor. 4.3.3.9 Record torque, angle (if applicable) and displacement with the instrumentation. Review with test requestor and receive approval prior to proceeding. If necessary, make corrections t
41、o the test configuration to comply with instructions of test requestor. 4.3.3.10 Repeat 4.3.3.3 through 4.3.3.9 for the first sample for the number of times specified by the test requestor. 4.3.3.11 Complete test matrix. 4.3.3.12 Summarize test results according to requirements in Section 5 of this
42、procedure. 4.3.3.13 Save all samples for inspection by the Design Engineer. 5 Data 5.1 Calculations. Not applicable. 5.2 Interpretation of Results. 5.2.1 Summary of Results. Required. 5.2.1.1 Test file log to be on Test Log Sheet or similar log sheet (reference Appendix B). 5.2.1.2 Test incidents to
43、 be recorded on Test Summary Sheet or similar summary sheet (Reference Appendix C). 5.2.1.3 Provide test data and statistical analysis results as listed in Tables 1 thru 3. Calculate averages, minimum values, maximum values, and standard deviation and average 3 standard deviations (Reference Appendi
44、ces D and E or similar data sheets). Copyright General Motors Company Provided by IHS under license with General Motors CompanyNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-GM WORLDWIDE ENGINEERING STANDARDS GMW14163 Copyright 2012 General Motors Company All Righ
45、ts Reserved November 2012 Page 5 of 14 Table 1: Torque and Angle Strategy * Determined from both Torque/Angle and Torque/Displacement curves. * If applicable. * Serviceability Draw-in the final value of displacement after the last iteration of a sample. R Required O - Optional Note: For Tests 2 and
46、3, the fastener engineer specifies additional data requirements. 5.2.1.4 Provide detail of failure modes consisting of, but not limited to, fastener fracture, component fracture, component distortion or internal or external thread stripping (if applicable). 5.2.1.5 Required plots and tabular data ta
47、bles include items shown in the following chart: Where: I = Individual sample plots M = Multiple sample plot D = Dual Y axis plots DD = Double Dual (triple Y) axis L = Left Y-axis R = Right Y-axis S = Statistical plot T = Tabular data table, followed by the incremental value A = Aligned at Zero Angl
48、e Reference Torque (xx) = Optional Copyright General Motors Company Provided by IHS under license with General Motors CompanyNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-GM WORLDWIDE ENGINEERING STANDARDS GMW14163 Copyright 2012 General Motors Company All Rights
49、 Reserved November 2012 Page 6 of 14 Table 2: Torque Tightening Strategy Table 3: Torque + Angle Tightening Strategy Copyright General Motors Company Provided by IHS under license with General Motors CompanyNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-GM WORLDWIDE ENGINEERING STANDARDS GMW14163 Copyright 2012 General Motors Company All Rights Reserved
