1、ICAO 9337 PART*b * m 484141b 0018576 Ob3 m DOC 9137-AN/898 Part 6 AIRPORT SERVICES MANUAL PART 6 CONTROL OF OBSTACLES SECOND EDITION - 1983 Approved by the Secretary General and published under his authority INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION Copyright International Civil Aviation Organizatio
2、n Provided by IHS under license with ICAONot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-ICAO 9137 PART*b * - 4841416 0018577 TTT Published in separate English, French, Russian and Spanish editions by the International Civil Aviation Qrganization. All correspondence,
3、 except orders and subscriptions, should be addressed to the Secretary General. Orders for this publication should be sent to one of the following addresses, together with the appropriate remittance (by bank draft or post office money order) in U.S. dollars or the currency of the country in which th
4、e order is placed. International Civil Aviation Organization Attention: Distribution Officer loo0 Sherbrooke Street West, Suite 400 Montreal, Quebec Canada H3A 2R2 Argentina. El Ateneo, Pedro Garcia S.A.L.E. e I., Dpto. Compras - Irnportacion, Egypr. ICAO Representative, Middle East and Eastern Afri
5、can Offce, France. Reprhntant de IOACI, Bureau Europe, 3bis, villa Emile-Bergerat, India. Oxford Book and Stationery Co., Scindia House, New Delhi Japan. Japan Civil Aviation Promotion Foundation, 15-12, 1-chome, Toranomon, Mexico. Representante de la OACI, Oficina Norteamerica y Caribe, Peru. Repre
6、sentante de la OACI, Oficina Sudamerica, Apartado 4127, Lima 100. Senegal. Representant de IOACI, Bureau Afrique, bite postale 2356, Dakar. Spain. Libreria de Aeroniutica y Astroniutica Sumaas, Desengaiio, 12-3-3, Madrid 13. Sweden. C.E. Fritzes Kungl. Hovbokhandel, U.S. $20.00 (air mail). Copyright
7、 International Civil Aviation Organization Provided by IHS under license with ICAONot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-Airport Services .Manual (DOC 9137=AN/898/2) Part 6 Control of Obstacles Second Edition - 1983 Copyright International Civil Aviation Org
8、anization Provided by IHS under license with ICAONot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-AMENDMENTS The issue of amendments is announced in the ICAO Bulletin and in the monthly supplements to the Catabgue of ICAO Publications, which holders of this publicatio
9、n should consult. These amendments are available free upon request. No. Date Entered by I (ii) -* Copyright International Civil Aviation Organization Provided by IHS under license with ICAONot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-Foreword This part of the Airp
10、ort Services Manual includes guidance on the control of obstacles in the vicinity of airports. Much of the material included herein is closely associated with the specifications contained in Annex 14 - Aerodromes. The main purpose of this manual is to encourage the uniform application of those speci
11、fications and to provide information and guidance to States. The significant additions to the manual during the current revision are: a) information on obstacle limitation surfaces for precision approach runways category I and on the relationship between the Annex 14 and PANS-OPS surfaces (Chapter 1
12、); and b) guidance on controlling obstacles at an airport (Chapter 2 and Appendix 2). Chapter 4 and Appendix 3 of this manual, which deal with obstacle surveys and shielding, respectively, are largely based on updated material provided by States and are, therefore, believed to be current. Should a S
13、tate, at any time, consider that any portion of this material is out of date, it should inform the Secretary General of this and, if possible, provide revised material. (iii) . . Copyright International Civil Aviation Organization Provided by IHS under license with ICAONot for ResaleNo reproduction
14、or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-ICAO 9337 PARTSb * 4843436 0038583 420 Table of Contents Page Page Chapter 1. Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Chapter 4. Obstacle Surveys. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 1.1 General . . . . . . . . . . .
15、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . 1 1.2 Annex 14 - obstacle limitation surfaces. . . 1 1.3 PANS-OPS surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.4 Inner transitional and balked landing surfaces versus Y surfaces and missed approach surface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.5 Backg
16、round of the Collision Risk Model . . . 10 Chapter 2. Controlling obstacles at an airport . . . . 12 2.1 Background . . . . . . . . . , . , . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.2 Legal authority and responsibility. . . . . . . . . . 12 2.3 Height zoning. , . . . *. . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . .
17、. . 13 2.4 Purchase of easements and property rights . 14 2.5 Notification of proposed construction . . . . . . 15 2.6 Establishment of obstacle limitation surfaces , . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . , . , I . . . . . . . . , 16 2.7 Obstacle surveys. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
18、 2.8 Removal of obstacles . . , . , . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.9 Shielding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.10 Marking and lighting of obstacles. . . . . . . . . . 18 2.11 Reporting of obstacles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , . . . . 18 Chapter 3. Temporary
19、Hazards , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 4.1 Australian practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , . . . 23 4.2 United Kingdom practice. . . . . , . . . . . . , . . . . 28 4.3 United States of America practice . . . . . . . . . 31 Chapter 5. Airport Equipment and Installations , Which May Cons
20、titute Obsfacles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . , . , . . . . , . . . . . . . . . 35 5.2 Frangibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 5.3 Types of airport equipment and installations which may constitute obstacles . . . . . . . . .
21、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Appendix 1 Illustrations of Obstacle Limitation Surfaces Other Than Those Constituting an Obstacle-Free Zone . . . . . . , . . , . . . 43 Appendix 2 Model Zoning Ordinance to Limit Height of Objects Around an Airport . . . . . 47 Appendix 3 States Practices o
22、n Shielding . . . . . . . 61 Copyright International Civil Aviation Organization Provided by IHS under license with ICAONot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-ICAO 9337 PART*b * 4843436 0038582 367 Chapter 1 Surfaces 1.1 GENERAL 1.1.1 The effective utilizati
23、on of an aerodrome may be considerably influenced by natural features and man- made constructions inside and outside its boundary. These may result in limitations on the distances available for take-off and landing and on the range of meteorological conditions in which take-off and landing can be un
24、dertaken. For these reasons certain areas of the local airspace must be regarded as integral parts of the aerodrome environment. The degree of freedom from obstacles in these areas is as important to the safe and efficient use of the aerodrome as are the more obvious physical requirements of the run
25、ways and their associated strips. 1.2.2 The signifkame of any existing or proposed object within the aerodrome boundary or in the vicinity of the aerodrome is assessed by the use of two separate sets of criteria defining airspace requirements. The first of these comprises the obstacle limitation sur
26、faces particular to a runway and its intended use detailed in Chapter 4 of Annex 14 - Aerodromes. The broad purpose of these surfaces is to define the vofume of airspace that should ideally be kept free from obstacles in order fo minimize the dangers presented by obstacles to an aircraft, either dur
27、ing an entirely visual approach or during the visual segment of an instrument approach. The second set of criteria comprises the surfaces described in the Procedures for Air Navigation Services - Aircraj? Operations (PANS- OPS) (Doc 81681, Volume IT - Construction of Visual and Instrument Right Proc
28、edures. The PANS-OPS surfaces are intended for use by procedure designers for the construction of instrument flight procedures and for specifying minimum safe altitudedheights for each . segment of the procedure. The procedure and/or minimum heights may vary with aeroplane speed, the navigational ai
29、d being used, and in some cases the equipment fitted to the aeroplane. e 1.1.3 The surfaces of Annex 14 are intended to be of a permanent nature. To be effective, they should therefore be enacted in local zoning laws or ordinances or 1 as part of a national planning consultation scheme. The surfaces
30、 established should allow not only for existing operations but also for the. ultimate development envisaged for each aerodrome. There may also be a need to restrict obstacles in areas other than those covered by Annex 14 if operational minima calculated using the PANS-OPS criteria are not to be incr
31、eased, thereby limiting aerodrome utilization. 1.2 ANNEX 14 - OBSTACLE LIMITATION SURFACES 1.2.1 Function of ?he surfaces 1.2.1.1 The following paragraphs describe the function of the various surfaces defmed in Chapter 4, and in certain instances include additional information concerning their chara
32、cteristics. For the benefit of the reader, several illustrations of obstacle limitation surfaces are included in Appendix 1. 1.2.2 Outer horizontal surface 1.2.2.1 In the experience of some States, significant Operational problems can arise from the erection of tall structures in the vicinity of air
33、ports beyond the areas currently recognized in Annex 14 as areas in which restriction of new construction may be necessary. The operational implications fall broadly under the headings of safety and efficiency. 1.2.2.2 implications. It is particularly desirable to review carefully any proposal to er
34、ect high masts or other skeletal structures in areas which would otherwise be suitable for use by aircraft on wide visual circuits, on arrival routes towards the airport or circuit, or on departure or missed approach climb-paths. Avoidance by marking or lighting cannot be relied upon in view of the
35、relatively inconspicuous character of these structures, especially in conditions of reduced visibility, and notification of their existence will similarly not always guarantee avoidance. Copyright International Civil Aviation Organization Provided by IHS under license with ICAONot for ResaleNo repro
36、duction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-2 Airport Services Manual 4000m Figure 1-1. Inner horizontal surface for a single runway (where the runway code number is 4) Inner horizontal surface RP = Reference Point Figure 1-2. Composite inner horizontal surface for two parallel runway
37、s (where the runway code number is 4) Copyright International Civil Aviation Organization Provided by IHS under license with ICAONot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-ICAO 9137 PART*b * H 4841416 0018584 13T Part 6.; Control of Obstacles Chapter 1.- Surface
38、s 3 1.2.2.3 mciency implications. If tall structures are erected in or near areas otherwise suitable for instrument approach procedures, increased procedure heights may need to be adopted, with. consequent adverse effects on regularity and on the duration of the approach procedure, such as the denia
39、l of useful altitude allocations to aircraft in associated holding patterns. Such structures may furthermore limit desirable flexibility for radar vectored initial approaches and the facility to turn en route during the departure climb or missed approach. 1.2.2.4 In view of these potentially importa
40、nt operational considerations, authorities may consider it desirable to adopt measures to ensure that they have advance notice of any proposals to erect tall structures. This will enable them to study the aeronautical implications and take such action as may be at their disposal to protect aviation
41、interests. In assessing the operational effect of proposed new construction, tall structures would not be of immediate significance if they are proposed to be located in: a) an area already substantially obstructed by terrain or existing structures of equivalent height; and b) an area which would be
42、 safely avoided by prescribed procedures associated with navigational guidance when appropriate. 1.2.2.5 As B broad specification for the outer horizontal surface, tall structures can be considered to be of possible significance if they are both higher than 30 m above local ground level, and higher
43、than 150 m above aerodrome elevation within a radius of 15 000 m of the centre of the airport where the runway code number is 3 or 4. The area of concern may need to be extended to coincide with the obstacle-accountable areas of PANS- OPS for the individual approach procedures at the airport under c
44、onsideration. 1.2.3 Inner horizontal surface and conical surface 1.2.3.1 The purposeof the inner horizontal surface is to protect airspace for visual circling prior to landing, possibly after a descent through cloud aligned with a runway other than that in use for landing. 1.2.3.2 In some instances,
45、 certain sectors of the visual circling areas will not be essential to aircraft operations and, provided procedures are established to ensure that aircraft do not fly in these sectors, the protection afforded by the inner horizontal surface need not extend into those sectors. Similar discretion can
46、be exercised by the appropriate authorities when procedures have been established and navigational guidance provided to ensure that defied approach and missed approach paths will be followed. i 1.2.3.3 Whilst visual circling protection for slower . aircraft using shorter runways may be achieved by a
47、 single circular inner horizontal surface, with an increase in speed it becomes essential to adopt a race-track pattern (similar to PANS-OPS) and use circular arcs centred on runway ends joined tangentially by straight lines. To : protect two or more widely spaced runways, a more complex pattern cou
48、ld become necessary, involving four or more circular arcs. These situations are illustrated at Figures 1-1 and 1-2 respectively. 1.2.3.4 Inner horizontal surface - elevation datum. To , satisfy the intention of the inner horizontal surface ; described above, it is desirable that authorities select a
49、 * datum elevation from which the top elevation of the surface is determined. Selection of the datum should take account Of: a) the elevations of the most frequently used altimeter b) minimum circling altitudes in use or required; and c) the nature of operations at the airport. For relatively level runways the choice of datum is not critical, but when the thresholds differ by more than 6 m, the datum selec
