1、 Recommendation ITU-R P.1411-8 (07/2015) Propagation data and prediction methods for the planning of short-range outdoor radiocommunication systems and radio local area networks in the frequency range 300 MHz to 100 GHz P Series Radiowave propagation ii Rec. ITU-R P.1411-8 Foreword The role of the R
2、adiocommunication Sector is to ensure the rational, equitable, efficient and economical use of the radio-frequency spectrum by all radiocommunication services, including satellite services, and carry out studies without limit of frequency range on the basis of which Recommendations are adopted. The
3、regulatory and policy functions of the Radiocommunication Sector are performed by World and Regional Radiocommunication Conferences and Radiocommunication Assemblies supported by Study Groups. Policy on Intellectual Property Right (IPR) ITU-R policy on IPR is described in the Common Patent Policy fo
4、r ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC referenced in Annex 1 of Resolution ITU-R 1. Forms to be used for the submission of patent statements and licensing declarations by patent holders are available from http:/www.itu.int/ITU-R/go/patents/en where the Guidelines for Implementation of the Common Patent Policy for IT
5、U-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC and the ITU-R patent information database can also be found. Series of ITU-R Recommendations (Also available online at http:/www.itu.int/publ/R-REC/en) Series Title BO Satellite delivery BR Recording for production, archival and play-out; film for television BS Broadcasting service
6、 (sound) BT Broadcasting service (television) F Fixed service M Mobile, radiodetermination, amateur and related satellite services P Radiowave propagation RA Radio astronomy RS Remote sensing systems S Fixed-satellite service SA Space applications and meteorology SF Frequency sharing and coordinatio
7、n between fixed-satellite and fixed service systems SM Spectrum management SNG Satellite news gathering TF Time signals and frequency standards emissions V Vocabulary and related subjects Note: This ITU-R Recommendation was approved in English under the procedure detailed in Resolution ITU-R 1. Elec
8、tronic Publication Geneva, 2015 ITU 2015 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without written permission of ITU. Rec. ITU-R P.1411-8 1 RECOMMENDATION ITU-R P.1411-8 Propagation data and prediction methods for the planning of short-range outdoor
9、 radiocommunication systems and radio local area networks in the frequency range 300 MHz to 100 GHz (Question ITU-R 211/3) (1999-2001-2003-2005-2007-2009-2012-2013-2015) Scope This Recommendation provides guidance on outdoor short-range propagation over the frequency range 300 MHz to 100 GHz. Inform
10、ation is given on path loss models for line-of-sight (LoS) and non-line-of-sight (NLoS) environments, building entry loss, multipath models for both environments of street canyon and over roof-tops, number of signal components, polarization characteristics and fading characteristics. The ITU Radioco
11、mmunication Assembly, considering a) that many new short-range (operating range less than 1 km) mobile and personal communication applications are being developed; b) that there is a high demand for radio local area networks (RLANs) and wireless local loop systems; c) that short-range systems using
12、very low power have many advantages for providing services in the mobile and wireless local loop environment; d) that knowledge of the propagation characteristics and the interference arising from multiple users in the same area is critical to the efficient design of systems; e) that there is a need
13、 both for general (i.e. site-independent) models and advice for initial system planning and interference assessment, and for deterministic (or site-specific) models for some detailed evaluations, noting a) that Recommendation ITU-R P.1238 provides guidance on indoor propagation over the frequency ra
14、nge 300 MHz to 100 GHz, and should be consulted for those situations where both indoor and outdoor conditions exist; b) that Recommendation ITU-R P.1546 provides guidance on propagation for systems that operate over distances of 1 km and greater, and over the frequency range 30 MHz to 3 GHz; c) that
15、 Recommendation ITU-R P.2040 provides guidance on the effects of building material properties and structures on radiowave propagation, recommends that the information and methods in Annex 1 should be adopted for the assessment of the propagation characteristics of short-range outdoor radio systems b
16、etween 300 MHz and 100 GHz where applicable. 2 Rec. ITU-R P.1411-8 Annex 1 1 Introduction Propagation over paths of length less than 1 km is affected primarily by buildings and trees, rather than by variations in ground elevation. The effect of buildings is predominant, since most short-path radio l
17、inks are found in urban and suburban areas. The mobile terminal is most likely to be held by a pedestrian or located in a vehicle. This Recommendation defines categories for short propagation paths, and provides methods for estimating path loss, delay spread, angular spread, and cross correlation ov
18、er these paths. The propagation models of these methods are symmetric in the sense that they treat radio terminals at both ends of a path in the same manner. From the models perspective, it does not matter which terminal is the transmitter and which is the receiver. Hence the terms “Station 1” and “
19、Station 2” are used to denote the terminals at the start and end of the propagation path, respectively. 2 Physical operating environments and definition of cell types Environments described in this Recommendation are categorized solely from the radio propagation perspective. Radiowave propagation is
20、 influenced by the environment, i.e. building structures and heights, the usage of the mobile terminal (pedestrian/vehicular) and the positions of the antennas. Five different environments are identified, considered to be the most typical. Hilly areas, for example, are not considered, as they are le
21、ss typical in metropolitan areas. Table 1 lists the five environments. Recognizing that there is a wide variety of environments within each category, it is not intended to model every possible case but to give propagation models that are representative of environments frequently encountered. TABLE 1
22、 Physical operating environments Propagation impairments Environment Description and propagation impairments of concern Urban very high-rise Busiest urban deep canyon, characterized by streets lined with high-density buildings with several tens of floors which results in an urban deep canyon High de
23、nse buildings and skyscrapers interleave with each other which yields to the rich scattering propagation paths in NLoS Rows of tall buildings provide the possibility of very long path delays Heavy traffic vehicles and high flowrate visitors in the area act as reflectors adding Doppler shift to the r
24、eflected waves Trees beside the streets provide dynamic shadowing Urban high-rise Urban canyon, characterized by streets lined with tall buildings of several floors each Building height makes significant contributions from propagation over roof-tops unlikely Rows of tall buildings provide the possib
25、ility of long path delays Large numbers of moving vehicles in the area act as reflectors adding Doppler shift to the reflected waves Rec. ITU-R P.1411-8 3 TABLE 1 (end) Environment Description and propagation impairments of concern Urban low-rise/Suburban Typified by wide streets Building heights ar
26、e generally less than three stories making diffraction over roof-top likely Reflections and shadowing from moving vehicles can sometimes occur Primary effects are long delays and small Doppler shifts Residential Single and double storey dwellings Roads are generally two lanes wide with cars parked a
27、long sides Heavy to light foliage possible Motor traffic usually light Rural Small houses surrounded by large gardens Influence of terrain height (topography) Heavy to light foliage possible Motor traffic sometimes high For each of the five different environments two possible scenarios for the mobil
28、e are considered. Therefore the users are subdivided into pedestrian and vehicular users. For these two applications the velocity of the mobile is quite different yielding different Doppler shifts. Table 2 shows typical velocities for these scenarios. TABLE 2 Physical operating environments Typical
29、mobile velocity Environment Velocity for pedestrian users (m/s) Velocity for vehicular users Urban very high-rise/Urban high-rise 1.5 Typical downtown speeds around 50 km/h (14 m/s) Urban low-rise/Suburban 1.5 Around 50 km/h (14 m/s) Expressways up to 100 km/h (28 m/s) Residential 1.5 Around 40 km/h
30、 (11 m/s) Rural 1.5 80-100 km/h (22-28 m/s) The type of propagation mechanism that dominates depends also on the height of the base station antenna relative to the surrounding buildings. Table 3 lists the typical cell types relevant for outdoor short-path propagation. 4 Rec. ITU-R P.1411-8 TABLE 3 D
31、efinition of cell types Cell type Cell radius Typical position of base station antenna Micro-cell 0.05 to 1 km Outdoor; mounted above average roof-top level, heights of some surrounding buildings may be above base station antenna height Dense urban micro-cell 0.05 to 0.5 km Outdoor; mounted below av
32、erage roof-top level Pico-cell Up to 50 m Indoor or outdoor (mounted below roof-top level) (Note that “dense urban micro-cell” is not explicitly defined in Radiocommunication Study Group 5 Recommendation.) 3 Path categories 3.1 Definition of propagation situations Three levels of the location of the
33、 station can be considered in this Recommendation. They are 1) over the roof-top (designated as L1 in Fig. 1); 2) below roof-top but above head level (L2); and 3) at or below head level (L3). Comprehensively, six different kinds of links can be considered depending on the locations of the stations,
34、each of which may be LoS or NLoS. Typical propagation situations in urban or suburban areas are depicted in Fig. 1. When one station (A) is mounted above roof-top level and another station (B or C) is located at head level, the corresponding cell is a micro-cell. The path can be LoS (A to C) or NLoS
35、 (A to B). The propagation between the stations A and B is mainly over the roof-tops. When one station (D) is mounted below roof-top level but above head level and another station (E or F) is located at head level in an urban or suburban environment, the corresponding cell is a micro- or pico-cellul
36、ar environment. In these cell types, propagation is mainly within street canyons. For mobile-to-mobile links, both ends of the link can be assumed to be at head level. The path can be LoS (B to E) or NLoS (E to F). 3.1.1 Propagation over rooftops, non-line-of-sight (NLoS) The typical NLoS case (link
37、 A-B in Fig. 1) is described in Fig. 2. In the following, this case is called NLoS1. Rec. ITU-R P.1411-8 5 FIGURE 1 Typical propagation situation in urban areas P .1 4 1 1 - 0 1C ( L 3)D ( L 2)E ( L 3)F ( L 3)B ( L 3)A ( L 1)FIGURE 2 Definition of parameters for the NLoS1 case P . 1 4 1 1 - 0 2D i s
38、 t an ce b et w een ST N 1 an d an t en n as : dST N 2Pl anCro s s -s ect i o nST N 2jST N 1qB ui l di ngh1D h1hrD o mi n an tw av eT h reereg i o n sD i rectw av eO n e-t i merefl ect edw av eT w o -t i merefl ect edw av eSev eral -t i merefl ect edw av eD i ffrac t edw av ebwlD h2h2D i ffrac t ed
39、w av e d o mi n an t reg i o nRef l ect ed w av e d o mi n an t reg i o nD i rectw av ed o mi n an treg i o nPri ma ry d o mi n an t w av eSec o n d ary d o mi n an t w av eN o n -d o mi n an t w av eST N 1ST N 26 Rec. ITU-R P.1411-8 The relevant parameters for this situation are: hr : average heigh
40、t of buildings (m) w : street width (m) b : average building separation (m) j : street orientation with respect to the direct path (degrees) h1 : Station 1 antenna height (m) h2 : Station 2 antenna height (m) l : length of the path covered by buildings (m) d : distance from Station 1 to Station 2. T
41、he NLoS1 case frequently occurs in residential/rural environments for all cell-types and is predominant for micro-cells in urban low-rise/suburban environments. The parameters hr, b and l can be derived from building data along the line between the antennas. However, the determination of w and j req
42、uires a two-dimensional analysis of the area around the mobile. Note that l is not necessarily normal to the building orientation. 3.1.2 Propagation along street canyons, NLoS Figure 3 depicts the situation for a typical dense urban micro-cellular NLoS-case (link D-E in Fig. 1). In the following, th
43、is case is called NLoS2. FIGURE 3 Definition of parameters for the NLoS2 case P . 1 4 1 1 - 0 3aw 1w2x2x 1ST N 1ST N 2The relevant parameters for this situation are: w1 : street width at the position of the Station 1 (m) w2 : street width at the position of the Station 2 (m) x1 : distance Station 1
44、to street crossing (m) x2 : distance Station 2 to street crossing (m) a : is the corner angle (rad). NLoS2 is the predominant path type in urban high-rise environments for all cell-types and occurs frequently in dense urban micro- and pico-cells in urban low-rise environments. The determination Rec.
45、 ITU-R P.1411-8 7 of all parameters for the NLoS2 case requires a two-dimensional analysis of the area around the mobile. 3.1.3 Line-of-sight (LoS) paths The paths A-C, D-F, and B-E in Fig. 1 are examples of LoS situations. The same models can be applied for these types of LoS path. 3.2 Data require
46、ments For site-specific calculations in urban areas, different types of data can be used. The most accurate information can be derived from high-resolution data where information consists of: building structures; relative and absolute building heights; vegetation information. Data formats can be bot
47、h raster and vector. The location accuracy of the vector data should be of the order of 1 to 2 m. The recommended resolution for the raster data is 1 to 10 m. The height accuracy for both data formats should be of the order of 1 to 2 m. If no high-resolution data are available, low-resolution land-u
48、se data (50 m resolution) are recommended. Depending on the definition of land-use classes (dense urban, urban, suburban, etc.) the required parameters can be assigned to these land-use classes. These data can be used in conjunction with street vector information in order to extract street orientati
49、on angles. 4 Path loss models For typical scenarios in urban areas, some closed-form algorithms can be applied. These propagation models can be used both for site-specific and site-general calculations. The corresponding propagation situations are defined in 3.1. The type of the model depends also on the frequency range. Different models have to be applied for UHF propagation and for mm-wave propagation. In the UHF frequency range, LoS and NLoS situations are considered. In mm-wave propagation, LoS is considered only. Additional atten
