1、 Recommendation ITU-R RS.1859(01/2010)Use of remote sensing systems fordata collection to be used in theevent of natural disasters and similar emergenciesRS SeriesRemote sensing systemsii Rec. ITU-R RS.1859 Foreword The role of the Radiocommunication Sector is to ensure the rational, equitable, effi
2、cient and economical use of the radio-frequency spectrum by all radiocommunication services, including satellite services, and carry out studies without limit of frequency range on the basis of which Recommendations are adopted. The regulatory and policy functions of the Radiocommunication Sector ar
3、e performed by World and Regional Radiocommunication Conferences and Radiocommunication Assemblies supported by Study Groups. Policy on Intellectual Property Right (IPR) ITU-R policy on IPR is described in the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC referenced in Annex 1 of Resolution ITU-R 1.
4、Forms to be used for the submission of patent statements and licensing declarations by patent holders are available from http:/www.itu.int/ITU-R/go/patents/en where the Guidelines for Implementation of the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC and the ITU-R patent information database can als
5、o be found. Series of ITU-R Recommendations (Also available online at http:/www.itu.int/publ/R-REC/en) Series Title BO Satellite delivery BR Recording for production, archival and play-out; film for television BS Broadcasting service (sound) BT Broadcasting service (television) F Fixed service M Mob
6、ile, radiodetermination, amateur and related satellite services P Radiowave propagation RA Radio astronomy RS Remote sensing systems S Fixed-satellite service SA Space applications and meteorology SF Frequency sharing and coordination between fixed-satellite and fixed service systems SM Spectrum man
7、agement SNG Satellite news gathering TF Time signals and frequency standards emissions V Vocabulary and related subjects Note: This ITU-R Recommendation was approved in English under the procedure detailed in Resolution ITU-R 1. Electronic Publication Geneva, 2010 ITU 2010 All rights reserved. No pa
8、rt of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without written permission of ITU. Rec. ITU-R RS.1859 1 RECOMMENDATION ITU-R RS.1859 Use of remote sensing systems for data collection to be used in the event of natural disasters and similar emergencies (2010) Scope This Recommendat
9、ion provides guidelines on the use of satellite-provided remote sensing data in the event of natural disasters and similar emergencies but does not provide information on dissemination of data. The ITU Radiocommunications Assembly, considering a) that disaster management in the field of radiocommuni
10、cations comprises the following, equally important, aspects: 1 early warning and prevention, through: disaster prediction, including the acquisition and processing of data concerning the probability of future disaster occurrence, location and duration; disaster detection, including the detailed anal
11、ysis of the topical likelihood and severity of a disaster event; 2 disaster mitigation including the rapid promulgation of imminent disaster information and corresponding alerts to disaster relief agencies; 3 post-disaster relief radiocommunications, including the provision of in situ terrestrial an
12、d satellite communication systems to aid in securing and stabilizing life and property in the affected area; b) that inherent to natural disasters is the unpredictability of the site location, thus implying the need for prompt, global, Earth observing capabilities uniquely met by satellite-borne rem
13、ote sensing instrumentation; c) that such satellite-borne remote sensors exist and are operated in frequency bands allocated to the Earth exploration-satellite service (EESS) today; d) that there are agencies whose purpose is to facilitate the processing and delivery of disaster-related data from th
14、e satellite operator-provider to the user relief agency, recognizing a) that Resolution 647 (WRC-07) Spectrum management guidelines for emergency and disaster relief radiocommunication, acknowledges the role of remote sensing indirectly; b) that Resolution ITU-R 55 ITU studies of disaster prediction
15、, detection, mitigation and relief, Resolution 644 (WRC-07) Radiocommunication resources for early warning, disaster mitigation and relief operations and Resolution 673 (WRC-07) Radiocommunications use for Earth observation applications all acknowledge the importance of the aspects of radiocommunica
16、tions/ICT that are relevant to disaster prevention, prediction, detection, warning, mitigation and relief operations and identified the important role of Radiocommunication Study Group 7 and remote sensing in disaster management; 2 Rec. ITU-R RS.1859 c) that Resolution ITU-R 53 The use of radiocommu
17、nications in disaster response and relief, additionally resolves that “the concerned ITU-R Study Groups undertake studies and develop guidelines related to the management of radiocommunications in disaster prediction, detection, mitigation and relief”, noting a) that ITU-D Report Question 22/2 Utili
18、zation of ICT for disaster management, resources, and active and passive space-based sensing systems as they apply to disaster and emergency relief situations is a guideline document meant to facilitate the implementation of the Common Alerting Protocol (CAP) standard for public alerting and hazard
19、notification in disasters and emergency situations, recommends 1 that ITU Member States should be encouraged to support the application of satellite-borne remote sensors providing useful data in the event of natural disasters and similar emergencies, such as those presented in Annex 1. NOTE 1 This R
20、ecommendation should be complemented by a new Recommendation on the use of collected data. Annex 1 Use of remote sensing data from satellite-borne sensors for relief operations in the event of natural disasters and similar emergencies 1 Introduction Meteorological aids, meteorological-satellite and
21、Earth exploration-satellite services play a major role in activities such as: identifying areas at risk; forecasting weather and predicting climate change; detecting and tracking earthquakes, tsunamis, hurricanes, forest fires, oil leaks, etc.; providing alerting/warning information of such disaster
22、s; assessing the damage caused by such disasters; providing information for planning relief operations; and monitoring recovery from a disaster. These services provide useful if not essential data for maintaining and improving accuracy of weather forecasts, monitoring and predicting climate changes
23、and for information on natural resources. The frequencies used by those services and their associated applications are summarized in Table 1. Rec. ITU-R RS.1859 3 TABLE 1 Frequency bands used in remote sensing for disaster prediction and detection Band (GHz)Hazard _ Alloc.Coastal Hazards some have b
24、een demonstrated while others are operational today. This list is not exhaustive. 2 Coastal hazards/tsunami Spaceborne sensors can help identify areas at risk by using synthetic aperture radar (SAR)-generated digital elevation models (DEMs) to locate low areas subject to flooding, or by using SAR-ge
25、nerated bathymetry to identify ocean bottom structure that might worsen the incoming tsunami or storm surge. Severe weather events, such as tropical cyclones and typhoons that produce storm surges, can be tracked by weather satellites. Such tracking can be used to alert vulnerable areas of the poten
26、tial danger. The extent of the damage can be determined using moderate- and high-resolution visible/infrared imagery from satellite-borne instruments. Lower resolution SAR imagery, which is unaffected by cloud cover, can also be used to show the areas affected. The ability of SARs to penetrate cloud
27、s and provide all-weather capability is particularly useful in cloud-prone areas such as central Africa, the Amazon, and island areas such as Indonesia. Following a 9.0 magnitude earthquake off the coast of Sumatra, a massive tsunami and tremors struck Indonesia and southern Thailand on 26 December
28、2004, killing over 104 000 people in Indonesia and over 5 000 in Thailand. Medium and high resolution optical images of the Aceh Province in Indonesia taken before and after the tsunami of 26 December 2004 by low Earth orbiting satellites are shown in Fig. 1. Images, such as these, provided authorit
29、ies information for an assessment of the damage. Rec. ITU-R RS.1859 5 FIGURE 1 Tsunami damage in Aceh Province, Indonesia 1859-01Assessing tsunami damage in Aceh:Landsat and QuickBird perspectives Above:January 3, 2005:A Landsat 7 two-scene mosaic of the northern tip of Sumatra; the Aceh Province.Da
30、vid Skole and the Tropical Rain Forest Information Center at Michigan State University used Landsat 7 data to aid the Indonesian government with relief efforts in the Aceh Province of Sumatra. Using Landsat 7 data collected three days after the disaster, the MSU team created regional impact maps whi
31、ch were used by the Indonesian government to direct relief efforts. The broad regional coverage and high spatial resolution of the ETM+ sensor made this work possible.Landsat 7 -QuickBird -183 km swath width30 m spatial resolution15 m pan-band res.16.5 km swath width2.44 m resolution61 cm pan-band r
32、es.Kilometers0510Region featured inDigitalGlobe QuickBirdimages below.December 13, 2004 December 29, 2004Areas ofsevere tsunamidamage.April 14, 2004 January 2, 2005QuickBirdLandsat7Region featured in the Landsat 7images (right).Source: Landsat and QuickBird via the United States Geological Survey ht
33、tp:/www.usgs.gov/ The two sets of images show the value of having two different instruments. Landsat imagery covers a larger area and helps identify regions impacted, while the QuickBird imagery shows greater detail in a much smaller area. 3 Drought The onset and progress of a drought can be observe
34、d from space by noting soil moisture, rainfall, and the distress level of the vegetation in the affected areas. Long-range predictions of regional drought conditions can be made by tracking the Pacific Ocean temperatures, which give an indication of the onset of an el Nino event, or the opposite con
35、dition, a La Nina event. 6 Rec. ITU-R RS.1859 During an El Nino event, the equatorial eastern Pacific is warmer and the ocean is high due to thermal expansion. Droughts frequently occur in Australia and Indonesia under these conditions, and the trade winds are weaker. Conversely, during a La Nina ev
36、ent, the equatorial eastern Pacific is cooler and the ocean height is lower due to thermal compression. The western coasts of the Americas experience dry conditions, and the trade winds are stronger. Tracking conditions in the Pacific from satellites gives warnings months in advance of an event (see
37、 Fig. 2). FIGURE 2 El Nino and La Nina events in the Pacific Ocean 1859-02JASONIASOCT 16 2007SEP 15 2006El NinoPacific warm, higher (red)La NinaPacific cooler, lower (blue)Source: JASON-1 via NASA/JPL http:/topex-www.jpl.nasa.gov/elnino/index.html Figure 3 shows a yearly change of soil moisture dist
38、ribution in Australia during October 2005, 2006. This data was acquired by channels of AMSR-E mounted on Aqua. Red indicates low amounts of soil moisture, while blue indicates higher amounts of soil moisture. The percentage indicated (unit of soil moisture) means the difference from averaged soil mo
39、isture for two years (2005-2006). A drought occurred in the south east area (Granary area) of Australia in 2006. This condition is consistent with the El Nino observations shown in Fig. 2. Rec. ITU-R RS.1859 7 FIGURE 3 AMSR-E measurements of drought in Australia in October 2005 and October 2006 1859
40、-03Soil moisture in 2006Soil moisture in 20055%5%115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 15536322824201612363228242016123632282420161236322824201612Source: AMSR-E on AQUA By the end of May 2008, millio
41、ns faced hunger in eastern Ethiopia as crops failed and food prices soared, said the United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF). Two successive seasons of poor rains left eastern Ethiopia in drought, and the effect on vegetation is shown Fig. 4. Made from data collected by the SPOT Vegetation satellite
42、between 11 May and 20 May 2008, the vegetation anomaly image compares the relative healthiness of plants to average conditions. Areas in which plants were smaller, less thick, or grew more slowly than average are brown, while better than average conditions are illustrated in green. Ethiopia presents
43、 a picture of contrasts. While the eastern half of the country withered in drought, western crop areas received ample rain and thrived. The drought limited the production of both food and cash crops like coffee, said the Famine Early Warning System Network. UNICEF estimated that 3.4 million people w
44、ould need food aid in June, July and August as crops continue to fail. 8 Rec. ITU-R RS.1859 FIGURE 4 Vegetation state during the Ethiopian drought of 2008 Brown indicates distressed vegetation; green indicates healthy vegetation 1859-04Vegetation anomaly (%)0 100100May 11-20, 2008100 kmNGulf of Aden
45、SomaliaEthiopiaSource: SPOT via NASA http:/earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/view.php?id=19764 flood data are from ASAR on Envisat 1859-09Xi Jiangmeters200002000Reference waterFlooded areasUrban area probably affected ESA 2005 SERTIT 2005Source: ASAR on ENVISAT http:/www.esa.int/esaEO/SEM8MD8
46、08BE_index_1.html#subhead1 7 Landslides/subsidence/avalanches Areas vulnerable to landslide activity can be identified using DEMs from SAR measurements. In this case, the slopes rather than the elevations are used. When subtle ground movement is suspected, InSAR and in situ GNSS units can provide ac
47、curate measurements. What is left of Turtle Mountain, Canada after the largest landslide in history in North America is still a threat. Its ground movement, shown in Fig. 10, is being monitored by Canadas RADARSAT-1 using the InSAR technique. 14 Rec. ITU-R RS.1859 FIGURE 10 RADARSAT InSAR tracks gro
48、und displacement between 2000-2004 1859-10NComparison of different time spansRADARSAT-1 Fine mode,Beam 1, ascending orbit1 month-fall24 Oct 03-17 Nov 03B perp. 332 m6 months-over winter24 Oct 03-09 Apr 04B perp. 76 m3 years21 Sep 00-24 Oct 03B perp. 3 mDisplacement values are onlyshown where coheren
49、ceaxceeds 0.5kmDisplacement (mm)30 30Geological faultCoalseamGeological faultCoal seamGeological faultCoal seamFranck Slide, Alberta-Trans Canada highwayMonitoring slope stability from SAR interferometry00Source: RADARSAT via CSA http:/www.isprs.org/publications/related/ISRSE/html/papers/759.pdf Changes in land cover or land usage can increase the risk of landslides. For example, a heavily logged (deforested) area is far more susceptible to landslides than an area with an established ecosystem that stabilizes the
