1、 International Telecommunication Union ITU-T L.1100TELECOMMUNICATION STANDARDIZATION SECTOR OF ITU (02/2012) SERIES L: CONSTRUCTION, INSTALLATION AND PROTECTION OF CABLES AND OTHER ELEMENTS OF OUTSIDE PLANT Procedure for recycling rare metals in information and communication technology goods Recomme
2、ndation ITU-T L.1100 Rec. ITU-T L.1100 (02/2012) i Recommendation ITU-T L.1100 Procedure for recycling rare metals in information and communication technology goods Summary Recommendation ITU-T L.1100 provides information on the recycling procedures of rare metals in information and communication te
3、chnology (ICT) goods. It also defines a communication format for providing recycling information of rare metals contained in ICT goods. History Edition Recommendation Approval Study Group 1.0 ITU-T L.1100 2012-02-22 5 Keywords ICT goods, rare metals, recycling. ii Rec. ITU-T L.1100 (02/2012) FOREWOR
4、D The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the United Nations specialized agency in the field of telecommunications, information and communication technologies (ICTs). The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is a permanent organ of ITU. ITU-T is responsible for studying te
5、chnical, operating and tariff questions and issuing Recommendations on them with a view to standardizing telecommunications on a worldwide basis. The World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly (WTSA), which meets every four years, establishes the topics for study by the ITU-T study groups whic
6、h, in turn, produce Recommendations on these topics. The approval of ITU-T Recommendations is covered by the procedure laid down in WTSA Resolution 1. In some areas of information technology which fall within ITU-Ts purview, the necessary standards are prepared on a collaborative basis with ISO and
7、IEC. NOTE In this Recommendation, the expression “Administration“ is used for conciseness to indicate both a telecommunication administration and a recognized operating agency. Compliance with this Recommendation is voluntary. However, the Recommendation may contain certain mandatory provisions (to
8、ensure, e.g., interoperability or applicability) and compliance with the Recommendation is achieved when all of these mandatory provisions are met. The words “shall“ or some other obligatory language such as “must“ and the negative equivalents are used to express requirements. The use of such words
9、does not suggest that compliance with the Recommendation is required of any party. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS ITU draws attention to the possibility that the practice or implementation of this Recommendation may involve the use of a claimed Intellectual Property Right. ITU takes no position concer
10、ning the evidence, validity or applicability of claimed Intellectual Property Rights, whether asserted by ITU members or others outside of the Recommendation development process. As of the date of approval of this Recommendation, ITU had not received notice of intellectual property, protected by pat
11、ents, which may be required to implement this Recommendation. However, implementers are cautioned that this may not represent the latest information and are therefore strongly urged to consult the TSB patent database at http:/www.itu.int/ITU-T/ipr/. ITU 2012 All rights reserved. No part of this publ
12、ication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the prior written permission of ITU. Rec. ITU-T L.1100 (02/2012) iii Table of Contents Page 1 Scope 1 2 References. 1 3 Definitions 1 3.1 Terms defined elsewhere 1 3.2 Terms defined in this Recommendation . 1 4 Abbreviations and acronyms 1
13、5 Conventions 2 6 Introduction of rare metals in ICT industries . 2 6.1 Rare metals in ICT goods . 2 6.2 The importance of recycling rare metals 5 7 Recycling procedure of rare metals 6 7.1 Production stage . 7 7.2 Collecting stage 7 7.3 Recycling stage . 7 8 Communication of recycling information 8
14、 8.1 Method to provide recycling information . 8 Appendix I Rare metal examples of some countries . 9 Appendix II Example communication formats for providing recycling information . 10 Rec. ITU-T L.1100 (02/2012) 1 Recommendation ITU-T L.1100 Procedure for recycling rare metals in information and co
15、mmunication technology goods 1 Scope This Recommendation explains the necessity and importance of rare metal recycling and describes the following: the recycling procedure for rare metals; and the communication method with examples of communication formats that may be used when providing recycling i
16、nformation of rare metals contained in ICT goods. 2 References The following ITU-T Recommendations and other references contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this Recommendation. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All Recommend
17、ations and other references are subject to revision; users of this Recommendation are therefore encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent edition of the Recommendations and other references listed below. A list of the currently valid ITU-T Recommendations is regularly pub
18、lished. The reference to a document within this Recommendation does not give it, as a stand-alone document, the status of a Recommendation. ITU-T L.1400 Recommendation ITU-T L.1400 (2011), Overview and general principles of methodologies for assessing the environmental impact of information and comm
19、unication technologies. 3 Definitions 3.1 Terms defined elsewhere This Recommendation uses the following term defined elsewhere: 3.1.1 Terms defined in ITU-T L.1400 ICT goods 3.2 Terms defined in this Recommendation This Recommendation defines the following terms: urban mine: Collection of scrap met
20、al that is removed from information and communication technology (ICT) goods at the recycling and waste management stage of end of life treatment with the purpose of extracting from it valuable precious and rare elements. 4 Abbreviations and acronyms This Recommendation uses the following abbreviati
21、ons and acronyms: ICT Information and Communication Technology LED Light Emitting Diode PC Personal Computer PCB Printed Circuit Board RFID Radio Frequency Identification 2 Rec. ITU-T L.1100 (02/2012) 5 Conventions In this Recommendation: The keywords “can optionally“ and “may“ indicate an optional
22、requirement which is permissible, without implying any sense of being recommended. These terms are not intended to imply that the vendors implementation must provide the option and the feature can be optionally enabled by the network operator/service provider. Rather, it means the vendor may optiona
23、lly provide the feature and still claim conformance with the specification. 6 Introduction of rare metals in ICT industries As global awareness of environmental problems in the ICT industry rises, the concern on recycling electrical and electronic goods is increasing. Recently, there has been a grea
24、ter emphasis on the recycling of rare metals in mobile phones, PCs and other ICT goods; also, various research on recycling methods of rare metals are being promoted. 6.1 Rare metals in ICT goods Rare metals have been called “vitamins of industry“ and their importance in industry has been recognized
25、 for some time. Recently, ICT industries have become dependent on components that cannot be produced without using rare metals, turning them into “the lifeline of industry“. Figure 1 shows the usage of rare metals related to renewable energy. Rare metals are essential to obtain high performance and
26、high functionality of ICT goods, especially for the goods shown in Figure 2. Examples of rare metals are indium, chromium, tungsten, cobalt, manganese, molybdenum, vanadium, etc. While they are quite rare in the earth crust and are also difficult to extract from ores, the usage scale of rare metals
27、are greatly increasing, causing the rare metals market to more than double worldwide since 2000. L.1100(12)_F01Renewable energySi, In, Ga, Te, SeREE, Ni, Cr, MoPt, Pd, Rh, Zr, LaEnergy harvestingGa, In, Se, W, TeUbiquitous IT/BTIn, REE, Ta, Ga,Li, CoRenaissanceofrare metalsPt, Pd, Rh, Li,Co,Mn, Ni,
28、REE, In, WMicro-energyharvestingGreen transportation-fuel cellSmart BD- LED light-Smart window- USN- BIPVFigure 1 Usage and importance of rare metals in industries Rec. ITU-T L.1100 (02/2012) 3 DisplayIn, REE, Ta, Ga, Li,Co, Mg, As, P, SnMobileIn, Sn, Sr, Zr, Al, Si,Li, Ag, Ti, Ta, MnPCAg, Cu, Sn, M
29、n, Fe,Sb, Ge, Al, Si, ZnServersGe, Pb, Sb, Zn, Al,Ba, Fe, Si, Ti, Ag, PdPrintersIn, REE, Rh, Al, Fe,Mn, Ge, Sb, Te, ZnICT (informationand communicationtechnology) productsFigure 2 Typical rare metal application for ICT goods Each country has different industrial structures and security situations, a
30、nd the definition of rare metals is not the same in each one. Some examples are listed in Appendix I. In order to have standardized information, ICT goods organizations should classify the common rare metals as shown in Table 1. Appendix II provides examples of communication formats for providing re
31、cycling information on the selected rare metals. Table 1 World common rare metals Group Elements Alkaline earth metal Li, Ce, Be, Sr, Ba Metalloid Ge, Bi, Se, Te VII group Co Boron group B, Ga, In, Tl, Cd High fusion point metal Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Re Rare earth La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm,
32、 Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Sc, Y Platinum group Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt As well as being rare, rare metals such as indium, yttrium, gallium and arsenic are widely used in ICT goods such as mobile phones, PCs, and display, touch-screen and LED lighting. For instance, a mobile phone inclu
33、des more than 20 rare metals such as neodymium, titanium, barium, zirconium, arsenic, gallium, indium and tantalum. Figures 3 and 4 show the rare metals commonly used in a cellular phone and an LCD. 4 Rec. ITU-T L.1100 (02/2012) L.1100(12)_F03Saw filter(Al, Si, Li, Ti)Pulse locked loop(PLL, Ba, TI)B
34、and pass filter(BPF, Ba, Ti, Ag)Temperature compensatedcrystall oscillator(TCXO, Ba, Ti, Ag)Silicon (Si)Resonator (Ba, Ti)Chip resistanceChip inductorChip condenserChip varistorChip thermistor(Al, Zr, Ru)(Ni, Fe, Zn)(Ba, Ti, Ta, Cu, Ni)(Zn, Sr, Ag)(Mn, Fe, Al, Co, Ni, Ag)Li batteryAnode (Li, Co, Mn,
35、 Ni)Cathod (Li, Ti, Sn, Si)Cap (Al)ITO coatedLCD glass(In, Sn, Sr, Zr)LED element(Al, Ga)Duplexer(Ba, Ti, Ag)Voltage- controlled oscillator(VCO, TI)Figure 3 Rare metals contained in a mobile phone L.1100(12)_F04Address electrode: As, AgDielectric layer: As, B, Sn, P, SiMgO layer: MgBarrier ribs: As,
36、 Sn, PVisible lightFront glass: Sr, Mg, Ba, ZrBus electrodes: Ag, As, PTransparent electrode: In, SnDielectric layer: As, B, SnPhosphors: As, Mg, IrFigure 4 Rare metals contained in an LCD The issue of rare metals use is not only for existing ICT goods but they are also key for future technologies,
37、especially for renewable energy goods such as photovoltaic panels. Figure 5 shows the general classification of solar cells determined by radiation absorbing materials. In a silicon-based solar cell (Si), rare metals are used for doping elements and for typical electrode Rec. ITU-T L.1100 (02/2012)
38、5 materials. The more important factor is that the market of compound photovoltaic devices in which rare metals are mainly used as the main radiation absorbing materials is increasing remarkably. It is important to consider not only a stable supply of rare metals but also environmental issues in the
39、se industries. It is well known that some semiconductor compounds such as CIGS (copper, indium, gallium, selenide) or CdTe (cadmium, tellurium) will be depleted in the near future, putting a severe strain on the global environment in absence of the recycling process. L.1100(12)_F05CrystallineSiSiMon
40、oMultia-Si single junctiona-Si/ c-Si tandemCuInGaSe (CIGS)Cd TeCu S2GaAsInPThin filmSiI-III-VIII-VIIII-VCompoundOthersSolar cellDSSC, organicFigure 5 Classification of a solar cell 6.2 The importance of recycling rare metals Considering the insufficient supply on one hand and the increasing demand f
41、or rare metals on the other hand, many countries are preparing policies to ensure a stable supply of rare metals such as overseas resource development, recycling promotion, alternative material development, saving rare metals for emergencies, export control policies, etc. These countries consider th
42、at this stable supply of rare metal materials is significant for maintaining and strengthening the ICT industrys competitiveness worldwide. Over tens of millions of ICT goods are annually withdrawn from the market as waste, and recycling rare metals from this ICT goods waste by urban mining gives hu
43、ge opportunities for collecting expensive rare metals (Figure 6). In the case of gold, 5 g of gold may be extracted from 1 ton of gold ore. On the other hand, 400 g of gold may be extracted from 1 ton of wasted mobile phones. Also, 200 g of silver, 20 g of palladium and some copper, tin, nickel, alu
44、minium, zinc, etc. are contained in 1 ton of printed circuit boards (PCBs) of wasted PCs. 6 Rec. ITU-T L.1100 (02/2012) L.1100(12)_F06Wasted mobile phones5 g of gold is extracted from 1 ton of gold ore400 g of gold is extracted from 1 ton of mobile phones52 g of gold is extracted from 1 ton of PCs20
45、 g of gold is extracted from 1 ton og home appliances53 ea of gold ring1.3 ea of gold ring3.75g/ringGold oreFromsame1 tonof:Figure 6 Example of the impact of urban mining of rare metals 7 Recycling procedure of rare metals In the past, recycling only referred to reuse, but the concept has now been e
46、xpanded to include collection, separation and extraction. Figure 7 shows a typical example of a recycling sequence of urban mining of ICT goods using standardized rare metal information. In order to obtain the final metals, each step should be clearly organized. L.1100(12)_F07CollectionDisposal Urba
47、n mineCollectingSeparationRecyclingMetalsModulesFigure 7 A typical example of urban mining In a traditional recycling procedure, the recycling industries have to obtain rare metal information from ICT goods manufacturers. However, as the responsibility of managing ICT goods recycling information lie
48、s with the manufacturers, risks exist that they may change line of business or disappear during the lifetime of an ICT good, which could cause losses of information on the rare metal. Therefore, a more efficient and secured means of collecting this information and supplying it to the recycling indus
49、try should be created. To realize this management method, ICT goods manufacturers could submit “rare metal information“ to an authentication organization (not defined in this Recommendation) for each one of their ICT goods. The rare metals recycling system may follow the recycling process given below. In this case, the recycling industry could be able to obtain more reliable information. NOTE In the future this information might be certified and secured. Rec. ITU-T L.1100 (02/2012) 7 7.1 Production stage In the production stage, the following ste
