1、2010 年国际关系学院英语专业（语言学）真题试卷及答案与解析一、简答题1 List the design features of human language.(10 points)2 Distinguish between the phonetics and phonology.(10 points)3 List five ways of expressing an invitation in English.(10 points)4 What are affective factors? In what ways do affective factors facilitate or co
2、nstrain language acquisition?(20 points)5 Compare and contrast the following pairs of terms. Use examples if necessary.Language learning and language acquisition.6 Contrastive analysis and error analysis.2010 年国际关系学院英语专业（语言学）真题试卷答案与解析一、简答题1 【正确答案】 The features that define our human languages can be
3、called design features which can distinguish human language from any animal system of communication. The most important design features of human language are as follows;Arbitrariness refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meanings. There are three
4、 different levels of arbitrariness: arbitrary relationship between the sound of a morpheme and its meaning; arbitrariness at the syntactic level; arbitrariness and convention.(2 points)Duality refers to the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are compose
5、d of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.(2 points)Creativity means that language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. Recursiveness refers to the rule which can be applied repeatedly without any definite limit. Th
6、e recursive nature of language provides a theoretical basis for the possibility of creating endless sentences.(2 points)Displacement means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present(in time and space)at the moment of conversation. Displace
7、ment benefits human beings by giving them the power to handle generalizations and abstractions.(2 points)Cultural transmission means that language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation. The details of linguistic system must be learned by each speaker.(1 point)Interchangeabili
8、ty means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages.(1 point)【试题解析】 考查人类语言的区别性特征。语言的区别性特征是指决定人类语言性质的特征。主要包括：任意性、二重性、创造性、移位性以及文化传递性和互换性。任意性指语言符号的形式和意义之间没有自然的联系，包含三个层面的任意性：语素的音和义之间的任意性；句法上的任意性；任意性和规约性。二重性指拥有两层结构的这种特性，底层结构是上层结构的组成成分，每层结构都有自身的组合规则。创造性是指语言的能产性，因为语言有二重性和递归性，所以语
9、言具有构成无穷的句子的潜力，而它的递归性又为这种可能提供了理论基础。移位性指人类语言可以让使用者来表示说话当时当地并不存在的物体、事件和观点。移位性赋予人们概括和抽象的能力，从而造福人类。文化传递性是指语言不是靠遗传，而是通过教与学，由人们接触的文化代代传递的。互换性指人可以是信息的发出者，也可以是信息的接收者。2 【正确答案】 Both phonetics and phonology are concerned with the same aspect of languagethe speech sounds, but they differ in their approach and fo
10、cus. Phonetics is interested in all the speech sounds in all human languages; how they are produced; how they differ from each other; what phonetic features they possess; how they can be classified; etc.(3 points)Phonology, on the other hand, is the study of the sound systems of languages. It studie
11、s the way in which speakers of a language systematically use a selection of these sounds in order to express meaning. Minimal pair, phonemes, allophones, free variation, complementary distribution, etc. , are all to be investigated by a phonologist.(2 points)A phonetist is mainly interested in the p
12、hysical properties of the speech sounds, whereas a phonologist studies what he believes are meaningful sounds, related with their semantic features, morphological features, and the way they are conceived and printed in the depth of the mind. Phonological knowledge permits a speaker to produce sounds
13、 which form meaningful utterances, to recognize a foreign “accent“ , to make up new words, to add the appropriate phonetic segments to form plurals and past tenses, to know what is and what is not a sound in ones language.(5 points)【试题解析】 考查语音学和音系学的区别。语音学和音系学关注的都是语音，但它们的研究方法和焦点不同。语音学关注的是所有人类语言的声音，包括
14、言语的产生，语音的区别，语音的特征，语音的分类等等。音系学研究的是语言的语音系统，它研究说话人为表达意义而系统地选择语音的方法，最小对立体、音位、音位变体、自由变体、互补分布等等都是音系学家的研究对象。语音学家主要研究语音的物理属性，而音系学家研究他们认为有意义的声音及其意义特征、形态特征以及其如何被理解和记忆。3 【正确答案】 “ What are you doing next Saturday? Were having some people over for a meal. Would you like to come?“(2 points)“Are you free next Thur
15、sday?“(2 points)“Are you doing anything next weekend?“(2 points)“Would you be interested in coming to the cinema with me tonight?“(2 points)“How do you fancy going out for a meal at the weekend?“(2 points)【试题解析】 考查英语中表达邀请的方式。在提出邀请时，根据邀请的可接受性，可分为直接邀请和间接邀请。一般说来，若说话者(即提出邀请者)对听话者(被邀请者)是否会接受此项邀请，没有多大把握，尤
16、其是当双方关系并不是很密切时，则采用间接邀请方式比较保险，以免陷入尴尬的局面。所谓间接邀请就是指提出的邀请比较委婉，若对方不接受，也有拒绝的余地。如：Would you like some coffee?(你要喝咖啡吗 ?)当然若说话者觉得他所提出的邀请比较适合听话人的意愿，或认为听话者可能会接受此项邀请，也可用比较直接的方式提出邀请：Have a cup of tea(喝杯茶吧。 )4 【正确答案】 Affective factors relate to the learners emotional state and attitude toward the target language.
17、(1 point)They may include language anxiety, learning motivation, self-esteem, confidence and inhibition, which may interfere with the process of acquiring a second language.(4 points)Anxiety is thought to be the most important negative affective factor affecting foreign language acquisition. It is a
18、ssociated with negative feelings, such as uneasiness, frustration, self-doubt and tension. Anxiety may be a kind of temporary psychological state, and also a kind of psychological character that can last for a long time.(3 points)Motivation is commonly thought of as an inner drive, impulse, emotion,
19、 or desire that moves one to a particular action. Gardner defines motivation to learn a second language as “the extent to which the individual works or strives to learn the language because of a desire to do so and the satisfaction experienced in this activity“. It is considered as a key to successf
20、ul learning.(3 points)Self-esteem is defined as “ a persons judgment of worthiness that is expressed in attitudes that the individual holds towards himself, and indicates the extent to which the individual believes in himself to be capable, significant and worthy“. Learners self-esteem can be an imp
21、ortant aspect in understanding how they deal with language learning task.(3 points)Confidence, also called as self-confidence, is a kind of optimistic emotion that language learners firmly believe they can overcome troubles to gain success. Confidence is to be a kind of active affective factor. As f
22、or foreign language learners, confidence often plays a decisive role in foreign language learning and if you want to succeed, you should possess the major qualityconfidence.(3 points)Inhibition refers to the building of defenses to our egos. Inhibition develops when small children gradually learn to
23、 identify a self that is distinct from others and their affective trait begins to form. Foreign language learners with higher self-esteem and ego strength are more able to withstand threats to their existence, and consequently their defenses are lower. In the process of languages learning, we have t
24、o be able to “ gamble“ a bit, to be willing to try out hunches about the language and to take a reasonable risk of being wrong.(3 points)【试题解析】 考查对情感因素的理解以及情感因素对于语言习得的正面及负面影响。情感因素，如语言焦虑、学习动机、自尊心、自信心和抑制等，直接影响到学习者的学习行为和学习效果。积极的情感因素有利于激发外语学习者学习语言的兴趣和动力，发挥其学习潜能，克服语言焦虑和心理抑制，对语言学习产生积极作用。如果不能发挥积极影响，则会在语言学习
25、中产生消极影响。5 【正确答案】 Language acquisition is the process by which humans acquire the capacity to perceive, produce and use words to understand and communicate. This capacity involves the picking up of diverse capacities including syntax, phonetics, and an extensive vocabulary. Language acquisition usual
26、ly refers to first language acquisition, which studies infants acquisition of their native language, rather than second language acquisition that deals with acquisition(in both children and adults)of additional languages.(3 points)Language learning focuses on developing the ability to communicate in
27、 a second language, with special emphasis on languages for which there are few or no written or recorded resources.(3 points)In language acquisition, the language is spoken in the immediate environment of the learner, who has good opportunities to use the language by participating in natural communi
28、cation situations.(2 points)In language learning situation, the language is not spoken in the learners immediate environment, although mass media may provide opportunities for practicing receptive skills. The learner has little or no opportunity to use the language in natural communication situation
29、s.(2 points)Acquisition and learning refer to the learning process inside the learner, the degree of consciousness with which he hears. Language acquisition is a subconscious process while learning is conscious. Children learn language using acquisition, while adults can use both acquisition and lea
30、rning.(2 points)Language acquisition is the natural process of acquiring a language from early exposure(usually before age 5-7). Young children “just pick it up“. Language learning requires considerably more effort after age 5-7. In the language learning process, the learners have to be confronted w
31、ith the cultural shock and the negative transfer of their first language.(3 points)【试题解析】 考查语言学习与语言习得的异同。语言习得是指儿童出生后不久便开始习得并逐渐掌握语言。习得是一种自然的无意识的过程。在语言习得的过程中，儿童通过大量接触语言，在交际中掌握语言，不注重语言形式而注重意义，语言规律的掌握是无意识的，习得过程是由不自觉到自觉的。与之相反，语言学习则是一个有意识的掌握语言规则的过程，指在学校环境中，有意识地掌握第二语言的过程和方式，它注重语言形式，过程由自觉到不自觉。在语言学习的过程中要面对第二
32、语言学习中的文化障碍和文化冲突，要克服第一语言对第二语言学习的干扰。6 【正确答案】 Contrastive analysis is a way of comparing languages(e. g. LI and L2)in order to determine potential errors for the ultimate purpose of isolating what needs to be learned in a second language learning situation. Contrastive analysis was developed and practi
33、ced in the 1950s and 1960s, as an application of Structural Linguistics to language teaching.(3 points)Its purpose is to determine the similarities and differences of the two languages and to identify the probable areas of difficulty in learning another language. Contrastive analysis is applied to e
34、very aspect of language: to phonology, morphologic syntax, and lexicon. It is even extended to cultural patterns that are thought to affect language learning and use.(2 points)Since contrastive analysis cannot account for all errors, it was gradually replaced by error analysis, the study and analysi
35、s of errors which are confined to the learners. Its major claim is that many errors made by second language learners were caused by factors other than native language interference.Error analysis is the study and analysis of the errors made by second language learners. Error analysis may be carried o
36、ut in order to identify strategies which learners use in language learning; to identify the causes of learner errors; to obtain information on common difficulties in language learning, as an aid to teaching or in the preparation of teaching materials.(3 points)Error analysis developed as a branch of
37、 Applied Linguistics in the 1960s, and set out to demonstrate that many learners errors were not due to the learners mother tongue but reflected universal learning strategies. Error analysis was therefore offered as an alternative to contrastive analysis.(2 points)【试题解析】 考查对比分析与错误分析的异同。对比分析指对语言难点进行分析的一种方法，就是把两种或两种以上的语言进行共时对比，描述它们之间的异同，目的是由此找出第二语言学习者的学习难点，以便用最有效的方法来组织教学。由于对比分析不能解释所有的错误，而被错误分析逐步代替。错误分析是指对二语习得过程中出现的因背离目的语而出现的错误进行分析，通过分析这些错误，可以找出学习者在学习中存在的问题及未掌握的知识点，主要目的是为了促进外语学习。错误分析主要是针对学习者而言的。它主要针对在二语习得过程中由于语言内部本身的复杂因素而引起的错误。
