1、2018 年考研英语（二）真题试卷及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 0 Why do people read negative Internet comments and do other things that will obviously be painful? Because humans have an inherent
2、 need to【C1 】_uncertainty, according to a recent study in Psychological Science. The new research reveals that the need to know is so strong that people will【C2】_to satisfy their curiosity even when it is clear the answer will【C3】_.In a series of experiments, behavioral scientists at the University
3、of Chicago and the Wisconsin School of Business tested students willingness to【C4】_themselves to unpleasant stimuli in an effort to satisfy curiosity. For one【C5】_, each participant was shown a pile of pens that the researcher claimed were from a previous experiment. The twist? Half of the pens woul
4、d【C6】_an electric shock when clicked. Twenty-seven students were told which pens were electrified; another twenty-seven were told only that some were electrified【C7】_left alone in the room, the students who did not know which ones would shock them clicked more pens and incurred more shocks than the
5、students who knew that would【C8】_Subsequent experiments reproduced this effect with other stimuli, 【C9】_the sound of fingernails on a chalkboard and photographs of disgusting insects.The drive to【C10】_is deeply rooted in humans, much the same as the basic drives for【C11】_or shelter, says Christopher
6、 Hsee of the University of Chicago. Curiosity is often considered a good instinctit can【C12】_new scientific advances, for instancebut sometimes such【C13 】_can backfire. The insight that curiosity can drive you to do【C14】_things is a profound one.Unhealthy curiosity is possible to【C15 】_, however. In
7、 a final experiment, participants who were encouraged to【C16】_how they would feel after viewing an unpleasant picture were less likely to【C17】_to see such an image. These results suggest that imagining the【C18】_of following through on ones curiosity ahead of time can help determine【C19】_it is worth
8、the endeavor. “ Thinking about long-term【C20】_is key to reducing the possible negative effects of curiosity, “Hsee says. In other words, dont read online comments.1 【C1 】（A）ignore（B） protect（C） discuss（D）resolve2 【C2 】（A）refuse（B） seek（C） wait（D）regret3 【C3 】（A）rise（B） last（C） hurt（D）mislead4 【C4 】（
9、A）alert（B） expose（C） tie（D）treat5 【C5 】（A）trial（B） message（C） review（D）concept6 【C6 】（A）remove（B） deliver（C） weaken（D）interrupt7 【C7 】（A）Unless（B） If（C） When（D）Though8 【C8 】（A）change（B） continue（C） disappear（D）happen9 【C9 】（A）such as（B） rather than（C） regardless of（D）owing to10 【C10 】（A）disagree（B）
10、forgive（C） discover（D）forget 11 【C11 】（A）pay（B） food （C） marriage（D）schooling12 【C12 】（A）begin with（B） rest on（C） lead to（D）learn from13 【C13 】（A）inquiry（B） withdrawal（C） persistence（D）diligence14 【C14 】（A）self-deceptive（B） self-reliant（C） self-evident（D）self-destructive15 【C15 】（A）trace（B） define（C
11、） replace（D）resist16 【C16 】（A）conceal（B） overlook（C） design（D）predict17 【C17 】（A）choose（B） remember（C） promise（D）pretend18 【C18 】（A）relief（B） outcome（C） plan（D）duty19 【C19 】（A）how（B） why（C） where（D）whether20 【C20 】（A）limitations（B） investments（C） consequences（D）strategiesPart ADirections: Read the f
12、ollowing four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)20 It is curious that Stephen Koziatek feels almost as though he has to justify his efforts to give his students a better future.Mr. Koziatek is part of something pioneering. He is a teacher at a New Hamps
13、hire high school where learning is not something of books and tests and mechanical memorization, but practical. When did it become accepted wisdom that students should be able to name the 13 th president of the United States but be utterly overwhelmed by a broken bike chain?As Koziatek knows, there
14、is learning in just about everything. Nothing is necessarily gained by forcing students to learn geometry at a graffitied desk stuck with generations of discarded chewing gum. They can also learn geometry by assembling a bicycle.But hes also found a kind of insidious prejudice. Working with your han
15、ds is seen as almost a mark of inferiority. School in the family of vocational education “have that stereotype. . . that it s for kids who cant make it academically, “he says.On one hand, that viewpoint is a logical product of Americas evolution. Manufacturing is not the economic engine that it once
16、 was. The job security that the US economy once offered to high school graduates has largely evaporated. More education is the new principle. We want more for our kids, and rightfully so.But the headlong push into bachelors degrees for alland the subtle devaluing of anything lessmisses an important
17、point: Thats not the only thing the American economy needs. Yes, a bachelors degree opens more doors. But even now, 54 percent of the jobs in the country are middle-skill jobs, such as construction and high-skill manufacturing. But only 44 percent of workers are adequately trained.In other words, at
18、 a time when the working class has turned the country on its political head, frustrated that the opportunity that once defined America is vanishing, one obvious solution is staring us in the face. There is a gap in working-class jobs, but the workers who need those jobs most arent equipped to do the
19、m. Koziateks Manchester School of Technology High School is trying to fill that gap.Koziateks school is a wake-up call. When education becomes one-size-fits-all, it risks overlooking a nations diversity of gifts.21 A broken bike chain is mentioned to show students lack of _.（A）academic training（B） p
20、ractical ability（C） pioneering spirit（D）mechanical memorization22 There exists the prejudice that vocational education is for kids who _.（A）have a stereotyped mind（B） have no career motivation（C） are financially disadvantaged（D）are not academically successful23 We can infer from Paragraph 5 that hig
21、h school graduates _.（A）used to have more job opportunities（B） used to have big financial concerns（C） are entitled to more educational privileges（D）are reluctant to work in manufacturing24 The headlong push into bachelors degrees for all _.（A）helps create a lot of middle-skill jobs（B） may narrow the
22、 gap in working-class jobs（C） indicates the overvaluing of higher education（D）is expected to yield a better-trained workforce25 The authors attitude toward Koziateks school can be described as _.（A）tolerant（B） cautious（C） supportive（D）disappointed25 While fossil fuelscoal, oil, gasstill generate rou
23、ghly 85 percent of the world s energy supply , it s clearer than ever that the future belongs to renewable sources such as wind and solar. The move to renewables is picking up momentum around the world; They now account for more than half of new power sources going on line.Some growth stems from a c
24、ommitment by governments and farsighted businesses to fund cleaner energy sources. But increasingly the story is about the plummeting prices of renewables, especially wind and solar. The cost of solar panels has dropped by 80 percent and the cost of wind turbines by close to one-third in the past ei
25、ght years.In many parts of the world renewable energy is already a principal energy source. In Scotland, for example, wind turbines provide enough electricity to power 95 percent of homes. While the rest of the world takes the lead, notably China and Europe, the United States is also seeing a remark
26、able shift. In March, for the first time, wind and solar power accounted for more than 10 percent of the power generated in the US, reported the US Energy Information Administration.President Trump has underlined fossil fuelsespecially coalas the path to economic growth. In a recent speech in Iowa,
27、he dismissed wind power as an unreliable energy source. But that message did not play well with many in Iowa, where wind turbines dot the fields and provide 36 percent of the state s electricity generationand where tech giants like Microsoft are being attracted by the availability of clean energy to
28、 power their data centers.The question “what happens when the wind doesnt blow or the sun doesnt shine?“ has provided a quick put-down for skeptics. But a boost in the storage capacity of batteries is making their ability to keep power flowing around the clock more likely.The advance is driven in pa
29、rt by vehicle manufacturers, who are placing big bets on battery-powered electric vehicles. Although electric cars are still a rarity on roads now, this massive investment could change the picture rapidly in coming years.While theres a long way to go, the trend lines for renewables are spiking. The
30、pace of change in energy sources appears to be speeding upperhaps just in time to have a meaningful effect in slowing climate change. What Washington doesor doesnt doto promote alternative energy may mean less and less at a time of a global shift in thought.26 The word “plummeting“ (line 2, Para. 2)
31、 is closest in meaning to _.（A）stabilizing（B） changing（C） falling（D）rising27 According to Paragraph 3, the use of renewable energy in America _.（A）is progressing notably（B） is as extensive as in Europe（C） faces many challenges（D）has proved to be impractical28 It can be learned that in Iowa, _.（A）win
32、d is a widely used energy source（B） wind energy has replaced fossil fuels（C） tech giants are investing in clean energy（D）there is a shortage of clean energy supply29 Which of the following is true about clean energy according to Paragraph 5 Gmail keeps the spammers out of our inboxes. It doesnt feel
33、 like a human or democratic relationship, even if both sides benefit.31 According to Paragraph 1, Facebook acquired WhatsApp for its _.（A）digital products（B） user information（C） physical assets（D）quality service32 Linking phone numbers to Facebook identities may _.（A）worsen political disputes（B） mes
34、s up customer records（C） pose a risk to Facebook users（D）mislead the European commission33 According to the author, competition law _.（A）should serve the new market powers（B） may worsen the economic inbalance（C） should not provide just one legal solution（D）cannot keep pace with the changing market34
35、 Competition law as presently interpreted can hardly protect Facebook users because _.（A）they are not defined as customers（B） they are not financially reliable（C） the services are generally digital（D）the services are paid for by advertisers35 The ants analogy is used to illustrate _.（A）a win-win bus
36、iness model between digital giants（B） a typical competition pattern among digital giants（C） the benefits provided for digital giants customers（D）the relationship between digital giants and their users35 To combat the trap of putting a premium on being busy, Cal Newport, author of Deep Work: Rules fo
37、r Focused Success in a Distracted Worlds, recommends building a habit of “deep work“the ability to focus without distraction.There are a number of approaches to mastering the art of deep workbe it lengthy retreats dedicated to a specific task; developing a daily ritual; or taking a “journalistic “ap
38、proach to seizing moments of deep work when you can throughout the day. Whichever approach, the key is to determine your length of focus time and stick to it.Newport also recommends“ deep scheduling“ to combat constant interruptions and get more done in less time. “At any given point, I should have
39、deep work scheduled for roughly the next month. Once on the calendar, I protect this time like I would a doctors appointment or important meeting, he writes.Another approach to getting more done in less time is to rethink how you prioritise your dayin particular how we craft our to-do lists. Tim Har
40、ford, author of Messy: The Power of Disorder to Transform Our Lives, points to a study in the early 1980s that divided undergraduates into two groups: some were advised to set out monthly goals and study activities; others were told to plan activities and goals in much more detail, day by day.While
41、the researchers assumed that the well-structured daily plans would be most effective when it came to the execution of tasks, they were wrong: the detailed daily plans demotivated students. Harford argues that inevitable distractions often render the daily to-do list ineffective, while leaving room f
42、or improvisation in such a list can reap the best results.In order to make the most ofourfocus and energy, we also need toembrace downtime, or as Newport suggests, “be lazy.“Idleness is not just a vacation, an indulgence or a vice; it is as indispensable to the brain as Vitamin D is to the body. . .
43、 idleness is, paradoxically, necessaiy to getting any work done, “he argues.Srini Pillay, an assistant professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, believes this counterintuitive link between downtime and productivity may be due to the way ourbrains operate. When our brains switch between bein
44、g focused and unfocused on a task, they tend to be more efficient.“What people dont realise is that in order to complete these tasks they need to use both the focus and unfocus circuits in their brain,“ says Pillay.36 The key to mastering the art of deep work is to _.（A）keep to your focus time（B） li
45、st your immediate tasks（C） make specific daily plans（D）seize every minute to work37 The study in the early 1980s cited by Harford shows that _.（A）distractions may actually increase efficiency（B） daily schedules are indispensable to studying（C） students are hardly motivated by monthly goals（D）detaile
46、d plans may not be as fruitful as expected38 According to Newport, idleness is _.（A）a desirable mental state for busy people（B） a mayor contributor to physical health（C） an effective way to save time and energy（D）an essential factor in accomplishing any work39 Pillay believes that our brains shift b
47、etween being focused and unfocused _.（A）can result in psychological well-being（B） can bring about greater efficiency（C） is aimed at better balance in work（D）is driven by task urgency40 This text is mainly about _.（A）ways to relieve the tension of busy life（B） approaches to getting more done in less
48、time（C） the key to eliminating distractions（D）the cause of the lack of focus timePart B (10 points) 40 A Just say itB Be presentC Pay a unique complimentD Name, places, thingsEFind the “me too“sFSkip the small talkGAsk for an opinionFive ways to make conversation with anyoneConversations are links,
49、which means when you have a conversation with a new person a link gets formed and every conversation you have after that moment will strengthen the link.You meet new people every day: the grocery worker, the cab driver, new people at work or the security guard at the door. Simply starting a conversation with them will for
