1、管理类专业学位联考英语（阅读理解）历年真题试卷汇编 4 及答案与解析一、Reading Comprehension0 “The word protection is no longer taboo(禁忌语).“ This short sentence, uttered by French President Nicolas Sarkozy late last month, may have launched a new era in economic history. Why? For decades, Western leaders have believed that lowering t
2、rade barriers and tariffs was a natural good. Doing so, they reasoned, would lead to greater economic efficiency and productivity, which in turn would improve human welfare. Championing free trade thus became a moral, not just an economic cause.These leaders, of course, werent acting out of unselfis
3、hness. They knew their economies were the most competitive, so theyd profit most from liberalization. And developing countries feared that their economies would be swamped by superior Western productivity. Today, however, the tables have turnedthough few acknowledge it. The Western continues to prea
4、ch free trade, but practices it less and less. Asia, meanwhile, continues to plead for special protection but practices more and more free trade.Thats why Sarkozys words were so important: he finally injected some honesty into the trade debate. The truth is that large parts of the West are losing fa
5、ith in free trade, though few leaders admit it. Some economists are more honest. Paul Krugman is one of the few willing to acknowledge that protectionist arguments are returning. In the short run, there will be winners and losers under free trade. This, of course, is what capitalism is all about. Bu
6、t more and more of these losers will be in the West. Economists in the developed world used to love quoting Joseph Schumpeter, who said that “creative destruction“ was an essential part of capitalist growth. But they always assumed that destruction would happen over there. When Western workers began
7、 losing jobs, suddenly their leaders began to lose faith in their principles. Things have yet to reverse completely. But theres clearly a negative trend in Western theory and practice.A little hypocrisy(虚伪)is not in itself a serious problem. The real problem is that Western governments continue to i
8、nsist that they retain control of the key global economic and financial institutions while drifting away from global liberalization. Look at whats happening at the IMF(International Monetary Fund). The Europeans have demanded that they keep the post of managing director. But all too often, Western o
9、fficials put their own interests above everyone elses when they dominate these global institutions.The time has therefore come for the Asians who are clearly the new winners in todays global economyto provide more intellectual leadership in supporting free trade. Sadly, they have yet to do so. Unles
10、s Asians speak out, however, theres a real danger that Adam Smiths principles, which have brought so much good to the world, could gradually die. And that would leave all of us worse off, in one way or another.1 It can be inferred that “protection“(Line 1, Para. 1)means_.（A）improving economic effici
11、ency（B） ending the free-trade practice（C） lowering moral standard（D）raising trade tariffs2 The Western leaders preach free trade because_.（A）it is beneficial to their economies（B） it is supported by developing countries（C） it makes them keep faith in their principles（D）it is advocated by Joseph Schu
12、mpeter and Adam Smith3 By “the tables have turned“(Line 4, Para. 2)the author implies that_.（A）the Western leaders have turned self-centered（B） the Asian leaders have become advocates of free trade（C） the developed economies have turned less competitive（D）the developing economies have become more in
13、dependent4 The Western economists used to like the idea of “creative destruction“ because it_.（A）set a long-term rather than short-term goal（B） was an essential part of capitalist development（C） entailed a positive rather than negative mentality（D）was meant to be the destruction of developing econom
14、ies5 The author uses “IMF“ as an example to illustrate the point that_.（A）European leaders are reluctant to admit they are hypocritical（B） there is an inconsistency between Western theory and practice（C） global institutions are not being led by true globalization advocates（D）European countries inter
15、ests are being ignored by economic leaders5 Prior to the 20th century, many languages with small numbers of speakers survived for centuries. The increasingly interconnected modern world makes it much more difficult for small language communities to live in relative isolation, a key factor in languag
16、e maintenance and preservation.It remains to be seen whether the world can maintain its linguistic and cultural diversity in the centuries ahead. Many powerful forces appear to work against it: population growth, which pushes migrant populations into the worlds last isolated locations; mass tourism;
17、 global telecommunications and mass media; and the spread of gigantic global corporations. All of these forces appear to signify a future in which the language of advertising, popular culture, and consumer products become similar. Already English and a few other major tongues have emerged as global
18、languages of commerce and communication. For many of the worlds peoples, learning one of these languages is viewed as the key to education, economic opportunity, and a better way of life.Only about 3,000 languages now in use are expected to survive the coming century. Are most of the rest doomed in
19、the century after that?Whether most of these languages survive will probably depend on how strongly cultural groups wish to keep their identity alive through a native language. To do so will require an emphasis on bilingualism(mastery of two languages). Bilingual speakers could use their own languag
20、e in smaller spheres at home, among friends, in community setting and a global language at work, in dealings with government, and in commercial spheres. In this way, many small languages could sustain their cultural and linguistic integrity alongside global languages, rather than yield to the homoge
21、nizing(同化的)forces of globalization.Ironically, the trend of technological innovation that has threatened minority languages could also help save them. For example, some experts predict that computer software translation tools will one day permit minority language speakers to browse the Internet usin
22、g their native tongues. Linguists are currently using computeraided learning tools to teach a variety of threatened languages.For many endangered languages, the line between revival and death is extremely thin.Language is remarkably resilient(有活力的), however. It is not just a tool for communicating,
23、but also a powerful way of separating different groups, or of demonstrating group identity. Many indigenous(原生的，土著的 )communities have shown that it is possible to live in the modern world while reclaiming their unique identities through language.6 Minority languages can be best preserved in_.（A）an i
24、ncreasingly interconnected world（B） maintaining small numbers of speakers（C） relatively isolated language communities（D）following the tradition of the 20th century7 According to paragraph 2 that the world can maintain its linguistic diversity in the future is_.（A）uncertain（B） unrealistic（C） foreseea
25、ble（D）definite8 According to the author, bilingualism can help_.（A）small languages become acceptable in work places（B） homogenize the worlds languages and cultures（C） global languages reach home and community settings（D）speakers maintain their linguistic and cultural identity9 Computer technology is
26、 helpful for preserving minority languages in that it_.（A）makes learning a global language unnecessary（B） facilitates the learning and using of those languages（C） raises public awareness of saving those languages（D）makes it easier for linguists to study those languages10 In the authors view, many en
27、dangered languages are_.（A）remarkable well-kept in this modern world（B） exceptionally powerful tools of communication（C） quite possible to be revived instead of dying out（D）a unique way of bringing different groups together10 Everyone, it seems, has a health problem. After pouring billions into the
28、National Health Service, British people moan about dirty hospitals, long waits and wasted money. In Germany the new chancellor, Angela Merkel is under fire for suggesting changing the financing of its health system. Canadas new Conservative Prime Minister Stephen Harper made a big fuss during the el
29、ection about reducing the countrys lengthy medical queues. Across the rich world, affluence, aging and advancing technology are driving up health spending faster than income.But nowhere has a bigger health problem than America. Soaring medical bills are squeezing wages, swelling the ranks of the uni
30、nsured and pushing huge firms and perhaps even the government towards bankruptcy. Fords announcement this week that it would cut up to 30,000 jobs by 2012 was as much a sign of its “legacy“ health-care costs as of the ills of the car industry. Pushed by polls that show health-care is one of his main
31、 domestic problems and by forecasts showing that the retiring baby-boomers(生育高峰期出生的人)will crush the governments finances, George Bush is to unveil a reform plan in next weeks state-of the-union address.Americas health system is unlike any other. The Unite States spends 16% of its GDP on health, arou
32、nd twice the rich-country average, equivalent to $6,280 for every American each year. Yet it is the only rich country that does not guarantee universal health coverage. Thanks to an accident of history, most Americans receive health insurance through their employers, with the government picking up t
33、he bill for the poor and the elderly.This curious hybrid(混合物)certainly has its strengths. Americans have more choice than anybody else, and their health-care system is much more innovative. Europeans bills could be much higher if American medicine were not doing much of their Research and Developmen
34、t(R&D)for them. But there are also huge weaknesses. The one most often cited especially by foreigners is the army of uninsured. Some 46 million Americans do not have cover. In many cases that is out of choice and if they fall seriously ill, hospitals have to treat them. But it is still deeply unequa
35、l. And there are also shocking inefficiencies: by some measures, 30% of American health spending is wasted.Then there is the question of state support. Many Americans disapprove of the “socialized medicine“ of Canada and Europe. In fact, even if much of the administration is done privately, around 6
36、0% of Americas health-care bill ends up being met by the government. Proportionately, the American state already spends as much on health as the OECD(Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development)average and that share is set to grow as the baby-boomers run up their Medicare bills and even mo
37、re employers avoid providing health-care coverage. America is, in effect, heading towards a version of socialized medicine by default.11 Health problems mention in the passage include all the following EXCEPT_.（A）poor hospital conditions in UK（B） Angela Merkel under attack（C） health financing in Ger
38、many（D）long waiting lines in Canada12 Fords announcement of cutting up to 30,000 jobs by 2012 indicates that Ford_.（A）has the biggest health problem of the car industry（B） has made profits from its health-care legacy（C） has accumulated too heavy a health-care burden（D）owes a great deal of debt to it
39、s employees13 In the authors opinion, Americas health system is_.（A）inefficient（B） feasible（C） unpopular（D）successful14 It is implied in the passage that_.（A）Americas health system has its strengths and weaknesses（B） the US government pays medical bills for the poor and the elderly（C） some 46 millio
40、n Americans do not have medical insurance（D）Europeans benefit a lot from Americas medical research15 From the last paragraph we may learn that the “socialized medicine“ is_.（A）a practice of Canada and Europe（B） a policy adopted by the U.S. government（C） intended for the retiring baby-boomers（D）admin
41、istered by private enterprises15 When Thomas Keller, one of Americas foremost chefs, announced that on Sept. 1st he would abolish the practice of tipping at per se his luxury restaurant in New York City, and replace it with European-style service charge, I knew three groups would be opposed: custome
42、rs, servers and restaurant owners. These three groups are all committed to tipping as they quickly made clear on Websites. To oppose tipping, it seems, is to be anti-capitalist, and maybe even a little French.But Mr. Keller is right to move away from tippingand its worth exploring why just about eve
43、ryone else in the restaurant world is wrong to stick with the practice.Customers believe in tipping because they think it makes economic sense. “Waiters know that they wont get paid if they dont do a good job“ is how most advocates of the system would put it. To be sure, this is a tempting, apparent
44、ly rational statement about economic theory, but it appears to have little applicability to the real world of restaurants.Michael Lynn, an associate professor of consumer behavior and marketing at Cornells School of Hotel Administration, has conducted dozens of students of tipping and has concluded
45、that consumers assessments of the quality of service correlate weakly to the amount they tip.Rather, customers are likely to tip more in response to servers touching them lightly and leaning forward next to the table to make conversation than to how often their water glass is refilled. In the words,
46、 customers tip more when they like the server, not when the service is good.Mr. Lynns studies also indicate that male customers increase their tips for female servers while female customers increase their tips for male servers.Whats more, consumers seem to forget that the tip increases as the bill i
47、ncreases. Thus, the tipping system is an open invitation to what restaurant professionals call “upwelling“: every bottle of imported water, every espresso and every cocktail is extra money in the servers pocket. Aggressive upwelling for tips is often rewarded while low-key, quality service often goe
48、s unrecognized.In addition, the practice of tip pooling, which is the norm in fine-dining restaurants and is becoming more in every kind of restaurant above the level of a greasy spoon, has ruined whatever effect voting with your tip might have had on an individual waiter. In an unreasonable outcome
49、, you are punishing the good waiters in the restaurant by not tipping the bad one. Indeed, there appear to be little connection between tipping and good service.16 It may be inferred that a European-style service_.（A）is tipping-free（B） charges little tip（C） is the authors initiative（D）is offered at per se17 Which of the following is NOT true according to the author?（A）Tipping is a common practice in the restaurant world.（B） Waiters dont care about tipping.（C）
