1、管理类专业学位联考（英语）模拟试卷 8 及答案与解析一、Section II ClozeDirections: Read the following passage. For each numbered blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. choices the best one and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.0 One of the most eminent of psychologists, Clark Hull, claimed that the essence of re
2、asoning lies in the putting together of two “behavior segments“ in some novel way, never actually performed before so as to reach a goal. Two followers of Clark Hull, Howard and Tracey Kendler, (1) a test for children that was explicitly based on Clark Hulls principles. The children were given the (
3、2) of learning to operate a machine so as to get a toy. In order to succeed they had to go through a two-stage (3) . The children were trained on each stage (4) . The stages consisted merely of pressing the correct one of two buttons to get a marble; and of (5) the marble into a small hole to releas
4、e the toy.The Kendlers found that the children could learn the separate bits readily enough. (6) the task of getting a marble by pressing the button they could get the marble; given the task of getting a toy when a marble was handed to them, they could use the marble. (All they had to do was put it
5、in a hole.) (7) they did not for the most part “integrate“, to use the Kendlers terminology. They did not press the button to get the marble and then (8) without further help to use the marble to get the toy. So the Kendlers concluded that they were incapable of deductive (9) .The mystery at first a
6、ppears to deepen when we learn, from (10) psychologist, Michael Cole, and his colleagues, that adults in an African culture apparently cannot do the Kendlers task either. But it lessens, (11) , when we learn that a task was devised which was (12) to the Kendlers one but much easier for the African m
7、ales to handle.(13) the button-pressing machine, Cole used a locked box and two (14) colored match-boxes, one of which contained a key that would open the box. Notice that there are still two (15) segments“open the right matchbox to get the key“ and “use the key to open the box“so the task seems for
8、mally to be (16) . But psychologically it is quite different. Now the subject is dealing not with a strange machine but with familiar meaningful objects; and it is clear to him what he is meant to do. It then (17) that the difficulty of integration is greatly reduced.Recent work by Simon Hewson is o
9、f great interest here for it shows that, for young children, (18) , the difficulty lies not in the (19) processes which the task demands, but in certain perplexing features of the apparatus and the procedure. When these are changed in ways which do not at all affect the inferential nature of the pro
10、blem, then five-year-old children solve the problem (20) college students did in the Kendlers own experiments.（A）devised（B） made（C） did（D）produced（A）work（B） duty（C） task（D）obligation（A）consequence（B） sequence（C） result（D）order（A）exclusively（B） completely（C） fully（D）separately（A）inferring（B） importin
11、g（C） inserting（D）imagining（A）Given（B） Appointed（C） Furnished（D）Distributed（A）Moreover（B） But（C） Thus（D）Then（A）prolong（B） propose（C） process（D）proceed（A）reassuming（B） discussing（C） reasoning（D）demonstrating（A）another（B） different（C） additional（D）else（A）whats more（B） in the second place（C） in addition
12、D）on the other hand（A）like（B） similar（C） diverse（D）familiar（A）Apart from（B） Thanks to（C） Instead of（D）Except for（A）correctly（B） equally（C） intendedly（D）differently（A）manner（B） behavior（C） deed（D）activity（A）the same（B） the identical（C） the duplicate（D）the alike（A）turns on（B） turns over（C） turns out（
13、D）turns up（A）either（B） also（C） likewise（D）too（A）infectious（B） inferential（C） innovative（D）indignant（A）as much as（B） as soon as（C） as well as（D）as quickly as二、Section III Reading ComprehensionDirections: Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B, C or
14、D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.20 For the first time, stem cells purified from fat have been used to heal an injury in a living animal. Michael Longaker of Stanford University in California and his team showed in mouse experiments that so-called adipose derived adult stromal (ADAS) cells pur
15、ified from a rodents belly fat could be coaxed to heal a skull fracture too large to mend by itself.The power of ADAS cells to transform into bone, cartilage and even neurons has been studied for years in test tubes. But Jeffrey Gimble, who studies human ADAS cells at Louisiana State University in B
16、aton Rouge says Longakers report is an important step forward. “Actually repairing a defect in an animal model had never been done. This is an excellent study.“ If the same technique works in humans, these cells could be coaxed to mend broken bones and correct other defects in tens of thousands of s
17、urgical procedures each year in which bone grafts and prosthetics are now necessary.Longakers group tested the ability of ADAS cells to heal four-millimetre-long fractures surgically-induced in the skulls of mice. In 12 weeks, the cells filled 70 to 90 per cent of the defects, while untreated animal
18、s had only unorganized bone formation in less than 10 per cent of the fractures. No extreme genetic manipulation or treatment of the cells was necessary. ADAS cells began manufacturing bone when they were simply laid onto a biodegradable polymer that contained apatite, a compound that naturally occu
19、rs in bone. Furthermore, the ADAS cells performed as well as bone marrow stromal cells, which would seem to be more natural architects of bone. It remains to be seen whether human ADAS cells will build bone as effectively. But researchers are excited about the prospects. Human bone marrow stromal ce
20、lls are already being used in clinical trials as sources of skeleton-building material, but the ADAS cells may have some significant advantages.Longaker reports that ADAS cells grow seven times faster than the bone marrow cells in the laboratory. And it is relatively easy to harvest more than a litr
21、e of fat tissue, even from patients who are not obese. Bone marrow is much less plentiful and must be removed in a painful surgical procedure. Of course liposuction itself is not a pleasant operation. But according to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, more than 300,000 people volunteered to
22、have the procedure in 2003 simply for cosmetic reasons. “If the procedure was the first step to healing broken bones or replacing other tissue its popularity could only grow,“ says Gimble. “Just think of that.“21 Gimble speaks highly of Longaker in that _.（A）his work made an unprecedented achievemen
23、t in the field（B） he proved that ADAS cells contributed a lot to cell therapy（C） his work paved way for ADAS cell application in clinical trials（D）he cured an animal defect that had never been repaired before22 As to ADAS cells, which of the following is NOT localized in laboratory?（A）They are easy
24、to operate.（B） Their abstraction causes no pains.（C） They grow fast.（D）Their yields are larg23 We can infer from Paragraph 3 that _.（A）ADAS cells are efficient in clinical application（B） ADAS cells act as naturally as marrow cells（C） ADAS cells can build bone formation orderly（D）ADAS cells therapy w
25、ill replace genetic treatment24 According to Gimble, liposuction will probably be used for _.（A）losing weight（B） keeping fit（C） abstracting ADAS cells（D）transplanting organ25 The best title for the passage might be _.（A）Bright Future of ADAS Cells（B） A Potential Repairing Technique（C） Advantaged ADA
26、S Cells（D）Application of ADAS Cells25 In some countries where racial prejudice is acute, violence has so come to be taken for granted as a means of solving differences, that it is not even questioned. There are countries where the white man imposes his rule by brute force; there are countries where
27、the black man protests by setting fire to cities and by looting and pillaging. Important people on both sides, who would in other respects appear to be reasonable men, get up and calmly argue in favor of violenceas if it were a legitimate solution, like any other. What is really frightening, what re
28、ally fills you with despair, is the realization that when it comes to the crunch, we have made no actual progress at all. We may wear collars and ties instead of war-paint, but our instinct remain basically unchanged. The whole of the recorded history of the human race, that tedious documentation of
29、 violence, has taught us absolutely nothing. We have still not learnt that violence never solves a problem but makes it more acute. The sheer horror, the bloodshed, the suffering means nothing. No solution ever comes to light the morning after when we dismally contemplate the smoking ruins and wonde
30、r what hit us.The truly reasonable men who know where the solutions lie are finding it harder and harder to get a hearing. They are despised, mistrusted and even persecuted by their own kind because they advocate such apparently outrageous things as law enforcement. If half the energy that goes into
31、 violent acts were put to good use, if our efforts were directed at cleaning up the slums and ghettos, at improving living-standards and providing education and employment for all, we would have gone a long way to arriving at a solution. Our strength is sapped by having to mop up the mess that viole
32、nce leaves in its wake. In a well-directed effort, it would not be impossible to fulfill the ideals of a stable social program. The benefits that can be derived from constructive solutions are everywhere apparent in the world around us. Genuine and lasting solutions are always possible, providing we
33、 work within the framework of the law.Before we can even begin to contemplate peaceful co-existence between the races, we must appreciate each others problems. And to do this, we must learn about them: it is a simple exercise in communication, in exchanging information. “Talk, talk, talk,“ the advoc
34、ates of violence say, “all you ever do is talk, and we are none the wiser.“ Its rather like the story of the famous barrister who painstakingly explained his case to the judge. After listening to a lengthy argument the judge complained that after all this talk, he was none the wiser. “Possibly, my L
35、ord,“ the barrister replied, “none the wiser, but surely far better informed.“ Knowledge is the necessary prerequisite to wisdom: the knowledge that violence creates the evils it pretends to solve.26 What is the best title for this passage?（A）Advocating Violence.（B） Violence Can Do Nothing to Dimini
36、sh Race Prejudice.（C） Important People on Both Sides See Violence As a Legitimate Solution.（D）The Instincts of Human Race Are Thirsty for Violenc27 According to the passage, recorded history. has taught us _.（A）violence never solves anything（B） nothing（C） the bloodshed means nothing（D）everything28 I
37、t can be inferred that truly reasonable men _.（A）cant get a hearing（B） are looked down upon（C） are persecuted（D）have difficulty in advocating law enforcement29 The sentence “He was none the wiser“ (Paragraph 3) probably means _.（A）he was not at all wise in listening（B） he was not at all wiser than n
38、othing before（C） he gains nothing after listening（D）he makes no sense of the argument30 According to the author the best way to solve race prejudice is _.（A）law enforcement（B） knowledge（C） nonviolence（D）mopping up the violent mess30 When it comes to the economy, pessimism is in and good old American
39、 optimism is out. From the headlines in the newspapers to the coffee shop chatter, it seems that there is little good to say about the economy. Bad enough that the news about Iraq, winter storms and the escalation of terror alerts continue to keep people on edge. Reports of state budget deficits and
40、 threats of major cutbacks in services such as education, health care and police also make people nervous.The latest USA TODAY/CNN/Gallup Poll reflects the new pessimism. Asked early this past week how they would rate economic conditions in the country today, just one in three- 34%- said they consid
41、er it good. Thats down 10 percentage points from December, when 44% rated the economy good and 20 points lower than September when 54% said they thought economic conditions were good. Moreover, when asked to look ahead a year from now, those people willing to say things will get better are also dwin
42、dling in numbers. A thin majority of 55% said they expected economic conditions to be better by this time next year. Not bad on the surface. But looking back just two months to December, 65% or two of three believed that things would improve in a year. And going back six months to September, 71% exp
43、ressed optimism for economic improvement.So the seeds of discontent are out there and they could set off a political firestorm for President Bush if economic conditions dont start getting better soon. Or more importantly, if the American people dont start feeling better soon. Regardless of what the
44、statistics say about how good the economy might be getting, the American people have to feel it. And often, feelings lag behind numbers. Indeed, most people believe that the economy is in recession. Statistically it is not. Case in point: On Friday, the U.S. Commerce Department reported that the eco
45、nomy grew at a 1.4% rate in the final quarter of last year twice as fast as the government first estimated. Major factors in the upward revision in the gross domestic product were stronger investment by businesses in building up stockpiles of unsold goods and a slight boost to consumer spending, the
46、 main force keeping the economy going.But while that report is interesting, and perhaps a source of hope that things arent as bad as they seem, more tangible examples of economic improvement are needed solid gains in the stock market, rehiring by plants that have been laying off workers, new busines
47、s expansion.The USA TODAY poll further shows that nervousness about Iraq and a still-sluggish economy are taking a political toll on Bush: His job approval rating is 57%, his lowest since before the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks. Surely, what happens with Iraq will be a major factor in the presidents p
48、olitical fortunes next year, but if people continue to be pessimistic about the economy when Bush is in the midst of running for a second term, it will be difficult to be optimistic about his chances of winning.31 The phrase “keep people on edge“ (paragraph 1) probably means to _.（A）upset people（B）
49、keep people alert（C） disappoint people（D）make people pessimistic32 Statistics from the poll indicate _.（A）a downward turn in the economic conditions（B） the great impact of bad news on economic situation（C） a dwindling confidence in the economic prospects（D）how Americans have lost their traditional optimism33 Which of the following is true about the present economic situation?（A）The economy is in disappointing recession.（B） The situation has taken a turn for the better.（C） Consumer spending is lo
