1、在职艺术硕士（MFA ）全国联考英文阅读理解模拟试卷 15 及答案与解析一、英文阅读理解题0 Richard Satava, program manager for advanced medical technologies, has been a driving force in bringing virtual reality to medicine, where computers create a “virtual“ or simulated environment for surgeons and other medical practitioners (从业者).“With vir
2、tual reality well be able to put a surgeon in every trench,“ said Satava. He envisaged a time when soldiers who are wounded fighting overseas are put in mobile surgical units equipped with computers.The computers would transmit images of the soldiers to surgeons back in the U.S. The surgeons would l
3、ook at the soldier through virtual reality helmets (头盔) that contain a small screen displaying the image of the wound. The doctors would guide robotic instruments in the battlefield mobile surgical unit that operate on the soldier.Although Satavas vision may be years away from standard operating pro
4、cedure, scientists are progressing toward virtual reality surgery. Engineers at an international organization in California are developing a tele-operating device. As surgeons watch a three-dimensional image of the surgery, they move instruments that are connected to a computer, which passes their m
5、ovements to robotic instruments that perform the surgery. The computer provides feedback to the surgeon on force, textures, and sound.These technological wonders may not yet be part of the community hospital setting but increasingly some of the machinery is finding its way into civilian medicine. At
6、 Wayne State University Medical School, surgeon Lucia Zamorano takes images of the brain from computerized scans and uses a computer program to produce a 3-D image. She can then maneuver the 3-D image on the computer screen to map the shortest, least invasive surgical path to the tumor (肿瘤). Zamoran
7、o is also using technology that attaches a probe to surgical instruments so that she can track their positions. While cutting away a tumor deep in the brain, she watches the movement of her surgical tools in a computer graphics image of the patients brain taken before surgery.During these procedures
8、operations that are done through small cuts in the body in which a miniature camera and surgical tools are maneuveredsurgeons are wearing 3-D glasses for a better view. And they are commanding robot surgeons to cut away tissue more accurately than human surgeons can.Satava says, “We are in the midst
9、 of a fundamental change in the field of medicine. “ (392 words )1 According to Richard Satava, the application of virtual reality to medicine_.（A）will enable surgeons to be physically present on every battlefield（B） can raise the spirits of soldiers wounded on the battlefield（C） will greatly improv
10、e medical conditions on the battlefield（D）can shorten the time for operations on soldiers wounded on the battlefield2 Richard Satava has visions of_.（A）using a remote-control technique to treat wounded soldiers fighting overseas（B） wounded soldiers being saved by doctors wearing virtual reality helm
11、ets on the battlefield（C） wounded soldiers being operated on by specially trained surgeons（D）setting up mobile surgical units overseas3 How is virtual reality surgery performed?（A）It is performed by a computer-designed high precision device.（B） Surgeons wear virtual reality helmets to receive feedba
12、ck provided by a computer.（C） Surgeons move robotic instruments by means of a computer linked to them.（D）A 3-D image records the movements of the surgeons during the operation.4 During virtual reality operations, the surgeon can have a better view of the cuts in the body because_.（A）he is looking at
13、 the cuts on a computer screen（B） the cuts can be examined from different angles（C） the cuts have been highly magnified（D）he is wearing 3-D glasses5 Virtual reality operations are an improvement on conventional surgery in that they（A）cause less pain to the wounded（B） allow the patient to recover mor
14、e quickly（C） will make human surgeons work less tedious（D）are done by robot surgeons with greater precision5 Ask most people how they define the American Dream and chances are theyll say, “Success. “ The dream of individual opportunity has been home in American since Europeans discovered a “new worl
15、d“ in the Western Hemisphere. Early immigrants like Hector St. Jean de Crevecoeur praised highly the freedom and opportunity to be found in this new land. His glowing descriptions of a classless society where anyone could attain success through honesty and hard work fired the imaginations of many Eu
16、ropean readers: in Letters from an American Farmer (1782) he wrote, “We are all excited at the spirit of an industry which is unfettered (无拘无束的) and unrestrained, because each person works for himself. We have no princes, for whom we toil (干苦力活), starve, and bleed; we are the most perfect society no
17、w existing in the world. “ The promise of a land where “the rewards of a mans industry follow with equal steps the progress of his labor“ drew poor immigrants from Europe and fueled national expansion into the western territories.Our national mythology (神话) is full of illustration of the American su
18、ccess story. Theres Benjamin Franklin, the very model of the self-educated, self-made man, who rose from modest origins to become a well-known scientist, philosopher, and statesman. In the nineteenth century, Horatio Alger, a writer of fiction for young boys, became Americans best-selling author wit
19、h rags-to-riches tales. The notion of success haunts us: we spend million every year reading about the rich and famous, learning how to “make a fortune in real estate with no money down“, and “dressing for success“. The myth of success has even invaded our personal relationships: today its as import
20、ant to be “successful“ in marriage or parenthoods as it is to come out on top in business.But dreams easily turn into nightmares. Every American who hopes to “make it“ also knows the fear of failure, because the myth of success inevitably implies comparison between the haves and the have-nots, the s
21、tars and the anonymous crowd. Under pressure of the myth, we become indulged in status symbols: we try to live in the “right“ neighborhoods, wear the “right“ clothes, and eat the “right“ foods. These symbols of distinction assure us and others that we believe strongly in the fundamental equality of
22、all, yet strive as hard as we can to separate ourselves from our fellow citizens. (403 words)6 What is the essence of the American Dream according to Crevecoeur?（A）People are free to develop their power of imagination.（B） People who are honest and work hard can succeed.（C） People are free from explo
23、itation and oppression.（D）People can fully enjoy individual freedom.7 By saying “the rewards of a mans industry follow with equal steps the progress of his labor“ (Lines 1011, Para. 1), the author means_.（A）the more diligent one is, the bigger his returns（B） laborious work ensures the growth of an i
24、ndustry（C） a mans business should be developed step by step（D）a companys success depends on its employees hard work8 The characters described in Horatio Algers novels are people who_.（A）succeeded in real estate investment（B） earned enormous fortunes by chances（C） became wealthy after starting life v
25、ery poor（D）became famous despite their modest origins9 It can be inferred from the last sentence of the second paragraph that_.（A）business success often contributes to a successful marriage（B） Americans wish to succeed in every aspect of life（C） good personal relationships lead to business success（D
26、）successful business people provide good care for their children10 What is the paradox of American culture according to the author?（A）The American road to success is full of nightmares.（B） Status symbols are not a real indicator of a persons wealth.（C） The American Dream is nothing but an empty drea
27、m.（D）What Americans strive after often contradicts their beliefs.10 Throughout the nations more than 15,000 school districts, widely differing approaches to teaching science and math have emerged. Though there can be strength in diversity, a new international analysis suggests that this variability
28、has instead contributed to lackluster (平淡的) achievement scores by U.S. children relative to their peers in other developed countries.Indeed, concludes William H. Schmidt of Michigan State University, who led the new analysis, “no single intellectually coherent vision dominates U.S. educational pract
29、ice in math or science. “ The reason, he said, “is because the system is deeply and fundamentally flawed. “The new analysis, released this week by the National Science Foundation in Arlington, Va., is based on data collected from about 50 nations as part of the Third International Mathematics and Sc
30、ience Study.Not only do approaches to teaching science and math vary among individual U. S. communities, the report finds, but there appears to be little strategic focus within a school districts curricula, its textbooks, or its teachers activities. This contrasts sharply with the coordinated nation
31、al programs of most other countries.On average, U.S. students study more topics within science and math than their international counterparts do. This creates an educational environment that “is a mile wide and an inch deep,“ Schmidt notes.For instance, eighth graders in the United States cover abou
32、t 33 topics in math versus just 19 in Japan. Among science courses, the international gap is even wider. U.S. curricula for this age level resemble those of a small group of countries including Australia, Thailand, Iceland, and Bulgaria. Schmidt asks whether the United States wants to be classed wit
33、h these nations, whose educational systems “share our pattern of splintered (支离破碎 的) visions“ but which are not economic leaders.The new report “couldnt come at a better time“, says Gerald Wheeler, executive director of the National Science Teachers Association in Arlington. “The new National Scienc
34、e Education Standards provide that focused vision,“ including the call “to do less, but in greater depth“.Implementing the new science standards and their math counterparts will be the challenge, he and Schmidt agree, because the decentralized responsibility for education in the United States requir
35、es that any reforms be tailored and instituted one community at a time.In fact, Schmidt argues, reforms such as these proposed national standards “face an almost impossible task, because even though they are intellectually coherent, each becomes only one more voice in the babble (嘈杂声). “ (411 words)
36、11 According to the passage, the teaching of science and math in America is（A）focused on tapping students potential（B） characterized by its diversity（C） losing its vitality gradually（D）going downhill in recent years12 The fundamental flaw of American school education is that_.（A）it lacks a coordinat
37、ed national program（B） it sets a very low academic standard for students（C） it relies heavily on the initiative of individual teachers（D）it attaches too much importance to intensive study of school subjects13 By saying that the U.S. educational environment is “a mile wide and an inch deep“ (Lines 23
38、, Para. 5), the author means U.S. educational practice_.（A）lays stress on quality at the expense of quantity（B） offers an environment for comprehensive education（C） encourages learning both in depth and in scope（D）scratches the surface of a wide range of topics14 The new National Science Education S
39、tandards are good news in that they will（A）provide depth to school science education（B） solve most of the problems in school teaching（C） be able to meet the demands of the community（D）quickly dominate U.S. educational practice15 Putting the new science and math standards into practice will prove dif
40、ficult because _.（A）there is always controversy in educational circles（B） not enough educators have realized the necessity for doing so（C） school districts are responsible for making their own decisions（D）many school teachers challenge the acceptability of these standards15 Too many vulnerable child
41、-free adults are being ruthlessly (无情的) manipulated into parenthood by their parents, who think that happiness among older people depends on having a grand-child to spoil. We need an organization to help beat down the persistent campaigns of grandchildless parents. Its time to establish Planned Gran
42、dparenthood, which would have many global and local benefits.Part of its mission would be to promote the risks and realities associated with being a grandparent. The staff would include depressed grandparents who would explain how grandkids break lamps, bite, scream and kick. Others would detail how
43、 an hour of babysitting often turns into a crying marathon. More grandparents would testify that they had to pay for their grandchilds expensive college education.Planned grandparenthoods carefully written literature would detail all the joys of grand-child-free life: a calm living room, extra money
44、 for luxuries during the golden years, etc. Potential grandparents would be reminded that, without grandchildren around, its possible to have a conversation with your kids, who incidentally would have more time for their own parents.Meanwhile, most children are vulnerable to the enormous influence e
45、xerted by grand-childless parents aiming to persuade their kids to produce children. They will take a call from a persistent parent, even if theyre loaded with works. In addition, some parents make handsome money offers payable upon the grandchilds birth. Sometimes these gifts not only cover expense
46、s associated with the infants birth, but extras, too, like a vacation. In any case, cash gifts can weaken the resolve of even the noblest person.At Planned Grandparenthood, children targeted by their parents to reproduce could obtain non-biased information about the insanity of having their own kids
47、. The catastrophic psychological and economic costs of childbearing would be emphasized. The symptoms of morning sickness would be listed and horrors of childbirth pictured. A monthly newsletter would contain stories about overwhelmed parents and offer guidance on how childless adults can respond to
48、 the different lobbying tactics that would-be grandparents employ.When I think about all the problems of our overpopulated world and look at our boy grabbing at the lamp by the sofa, I wish I could have turned to Planned Grandparenthood when my parents were putting the grandchild squeeze on me.If I
49、could have, I might not be in this parenthood predicament (窘境). But heres the crazy irony, I dont want my child-free life back. Dylans too much fun. (406 words)16 Whats the purpose of the proposed organization Planned Grandparenthood?（A）To encourage childless couples to have children.（B） To provide facilities and services for grandchildless parents.（C） To offer counseling to people on how to raise grandchildren.（D）To discourage people from insisting on having grandchildren.17 Planned Grandparenthood would i
