1、在职艺术硕士（MFA ）全国联考英文阅读理解模拟试卷 16 及答案与解析一、英文阅读理解题0 Conventional wisdom about conflict seems pretty much cut and dried. Too little conflict breeds apathy (冷漠) and stagnation (呆滞). Too much conflict leads to divisiveness (分裂) and hostility. Moderate levels of conflict, however, can spark creativity and mo
2、tivate people in a healthy and competitive way.Recent research by Professor Charles R. Schwenk, however, suggests that the optimal level of conflict may be more complex to determine than these simple generalizations. He studied perceptions of conflict among a sample of executives. Some of the execut
3、ives worked for profit-seeking organizations and others for not-for-profit organizations.Somewhat surprisingly, Schwenk found that opinions about conflict varied systematically as a function of the type of organization. Specifically, managers in not-for-profit organizations strongly believed that co
4、nflict was beneficial to their organizations and that it promoted higher quality decision making than might be achieved in the absence of conflict.Managers of for-profit organizations saw a different picture. They believed that conflict generally was damaging and usually led to poor-quality decision
5、 making in their organizations. Schwenk interpreted these results in terms of the criteria for effective decision making suggested by the executives. In the profit-seeking organizations, decision-making effectiveness was most often assessed in financial terms. The executives believed that consensus
6、rather than conflict enhanced financial indicators.In the not-for-profit organizations, decision-making effectiveness was defined from the perspective of satisfying constituents. Griven the complexities and ambiguities associated with satisfying many diverse constituents executives perceived that co
7、nflict led to more considered and acceptable decisions. (253 words)1 In the eyes of the author, conventional opinion on conflict is_.（A）wrong（B） oversimplified（C） misleading（D）unclear2 Professor Charles R. Schwenks research shows_.（A）the advantages and disadvantages of conflict（B） the real value of
8、conflict（C） the difficulty in determining the optimal level of conflict（D）the complexity of defining the roles of conflict3 We can learn from Schwenks research that_.（A）a persons view of conflict is influenced by the purpose of his organization（B） conflict is necessary for managers of for-profit org
9、anizations（C） different people resolve conflicts in different ways（D）it is impossible for people to avoid conflict4 The passage suggests that in for-profit organizations_.（A）there is no end of conflict（B） expression of different opinions is encouraged（C） decisions must be justifiable（D）success lies
10、in general agreement5 People working in a not-for-profit organization_.（A）seem to be difficult to satisfy（B） are free to express diverse opinions（C） are less effective in making decisions（D）find it easier to reach agreement5 To understand the marketing concept, it is only necessary to understand the
11、 difference between marketing and selling. Not too many years ago, most industries concentrated primarily on the efficient production of goods, and then relied on “persuasive salesmanship“ to move as much of these goods as possible. Such production and selling focuses on the needs of the seller to p
12、roduce goods and then convert them into money.Marketing, on the other hand, focuses on the wants of consumers. It begins with first analyzing the preferences and demands of consumers and then producing goods that will satisfy them. This eye-on-the-consumer approach is known as the marketing concept,
13、 which simply means that instead of trying to sell whatever is easiest to produce or buy for resale, the makers and dealers first endeavor to find out what the consumer wants to buy and then go about making it available for purchase.This concept does not imply that business is benevolent (慈善的) or th
14、at consumer satisfaction is given priority over profit in a company. There are always two sides to every business transactionthe firm and the customerand each must be satisfied before trade occurs. Successful merchants and producers, however, recognize that the surest route to profit is through unde
15、rstanding and catering to customers. A striking example of the importance of catering to the consumer presented itself in mid-1985, when Coca Cola changed the flavor of its drink. The non-acceptance of the new flavor by a significant portion of the public brought about a prompt restoration of the Cl
16、assic Coke, which was then marketed alongside the new. King Customer ruled! (269 words)6 The marketing concept discussed in the passage is, in essence, _.（A）the practice of turning goods into money（B） making goods available for purchase（C） the customer-centered approach（D）a form of persuasive salesm
17、anship7 What was the main concern of industrialists before the marketing concept was widely accepted?（A）The needs of the market.（B） The efficiency of production.（C） The satisfaction of the user.（D）The preferences of the dealer.8 According to the passage, “to move as much of these goods as possible“
18、(Line 4, Para. 1) means “_“.（A）to sell the largest possible amount of goods（B） to transport goods as efficiently as possible（C） to dispose of these goods in large quantities（D）to redesign these goods for large-scale production9 What does the restoration of the Classic Coke best illustrate?（A）Traditi
19、onal goods have a stronger appeal to the majority of people.（B） It takes time for a new product to be accepted by the public.（C） Consumers with conservative tastes are often difficult to please.（D）Products must be designed to suit the taste of the consumer.10 In discussing the marketing concept, the
20、 author focuses on_.（A）its main characteristic（B） its social impact（C） its possible consequence（D）its theoretical basis10 Attention to detail is something everyone can and should doespecially in a tight job market. Bob Crossley, a human-resources expert notices this in the job applications that come
21、 across his desk every day. “Its amazing how many candidates eliminate themselves. “ he says.“Resume (简历) arrive with stains. Some candidates dont bother to spell the companys name correctly. Once I see a mistake, I eliminate the candidate,“ Crossley concludes. “If they cannot take of these details,
22、 why should we trust them with a job?“Can we pay too much attention to detail? Absolutely. Perfectionists struggle over little things at the cost of something larger they work toward. “To keep from losing the forest for the trees,“ says Charles Garfield, associate professor at the University of Cali
23、fornia, San Francisco. “We must constantly ask ourselves how the details were working on fit into the larger picture. If they dont, we should drop them and move to something else.“Garfield compares this process to his work as a computer scientist at NASA. “The Apollo II moon launch was slightly off-
24、course 90 percent of the time. “ says Garfield, “But a successful landing was still likely because we knew the exact coordinates of our goal. This allowed us to make adjustments as necessary. “ Knowing where we want to go helps us judge the importance of every task we undertake.Too often we believe
25、what accounts for others success is some special secret or a lucky break (机遇). But rarely is success so mysterious. Again and again, we see that by doing little things within our grasp well, large rewards follow. (271 words)11 According to the passage, some job applicants were rejected_.（A）because o
26、f their carelessness as shown in their failure to present a clean copy of a resume（B） because of their inadequate education as shown in their poor spelling in writing a resume（C） because they failed to give detailed description of their background in their applications（D）because they eliminated thei
27、r names from the applicants list themselves12 The word “perfectionists“ (Line l, Para. 3) refers to those who_.（A）demand others to get everything absolutely right（B） know how to adjust their goals according to the circumstances（C） pay too much attention to details only to lose their major objectives
28、（D）are capable of achieving perfect results in whatever they do13 Which of the following is the authors advice to the reader?（A）Although too much attention to details may be costly, they should not be overlooked.（B） Dont forget details when drawing pictures.（C） Be aware of the importance of a task b
29、efore undertaking it.（D）Careless applicants are not to be trusted.14 The example of the Apollo II moon launch is given to illustrate that_.（A）minor mistakes can be ignored in achieving major objectives（B） failure is the mother of success（C） adjustments are the key to the successful completion of any
30、 work（D）keeping ones goal in mind helps in deciding which details can be overlooked15 The best title for this passage would be_.（A）Dont Be a Perfectionist（B） Importance of Adjustments（C） Details and Major Objectives（D）Hard Work Plus Good Luck15 The Carnegie Foundation report says that many colleges
31、have tried to be “all things to all people“. In doing so, they have increasingly catered to a narrow minded careerism while failing to cultivate a global vision among their students. The current crisis, it contends, does not derive from a legitimate desire to put learning to productive ends. The pro
32、blem is that in too many academic fields, the work has no context; skills, rather than being means, have become ends. Students are offered a variety of options and allowed to pick their way to a degree. In short, driven by careerism, “the nations colleges and universities are more successful in prov
33、iding credentials (文凭) than in providing a quality education for their students. “ The report concludes that the special challenge confronting the undergraduate college is one of shaping an “integrated core“ of common learning. Such a core would introduce students “to essential knowledge, to connect
34、ions across the disciplines, and in the end, to application of knowledge to life beyond the campus. “Although the key to a good college is a high-quality faculty, the Carnegie study found that most colleges do very little to encourage good teaching. In fact, they do much to undermine it. As one prof
35、essor observed: “Teaching is important, we are told, and yet faculty know that research and publication matter most. “ Not surprisingly, over the last twenty years colleges and universities have failed to graduate half of their four-year degree candidates. Faculty members who dedicated themselves to
36、 teaching soon discover that they will not be granted tenure (终身任期), promotion, or substantial salary increases. Yet 70 percent of all faculty say their interests lie more in teaching than in research. Additionally, a frequent complaint among young scholars is that “There is pressure to publish, alt
37、hough there is virtually no interest among administrators or colleagues in the content of the publications. “ (320 words)16 When a college tries to be “all things to all people“ (Lines 12, Para. 1) it aims to_.（A）satisfy the needs of all kinds of students simultaneously（B） focus on training students
38、 in various skills（C） encourage students to take as many courses as possible（D）make learning serve academic rather than productive ends17 By saying that “in too many academic: fields, the work has no context“ (Line 5, Para. 1) the author means that the teaching in these areas_.（A）ignores the actual
39、situation（B） is not based on the right perspective（C） only focuses on an integrated core of common learning（D）gives priority to the cultivation of a global vision among students18 One of the reasons for the current crisis in American colleges and universities is that_.（A）a narrow vocationalism has c
40、ome to dominate many colleges（B） students dont have enough freedom in choosing what they want to learn（C） skills are being taught as a means to an end（D）students are only interested in obtaining credentials19 American colleges and universities failed to graduate half of their four-year degree candid
41、ates because_.（A）most of them lack high-quality faculties（B） the interests of most faculty members lie in research（C） there are not enough incentives for students to study hard（D）they attach greater importance to research and publication than to teaching20 It can be inferred from the passage that hi
42、gh-quality college education calls for（A）putting academic work in the proper context（B） a commitment to students and effective teaching（C） the practice of putting learning to productive ends（D）dedication to research in frontier areas of knowledge在职艺术硕士（MFA ）全国联考英文阅读理解模拟试卷 16 答案与解析一、英文阅读理解题1 【正确答案】 B
43、【知识模块】 英文阅读理解2 【正确答案】 C【知识模块】 英文阅读理解3 【正确答案】 A【知识模块】 英文阅读理解4 【正确答案】 D【知识模块】 英文阅读理解5 【正确答案】 B【知识模块】 英文阅读理解6 【正确答案】 C【知识模块】 英文阅读理解7 【正确答案】 B【知识模块】 英文阅读理解8 【正确答案】 A【知识模块】 英文阅读理解9 【正确答案】 D【知识模块】 英文阅读理解10 【正确答案】 A【知识模块】 英文阅读理解11 【正确答案】 A【知识模块】 英文阅读理解12 【正确答案】 C【知识模块】 英文阅读理解13 【正确答案】 A【知识模块】 英文阅读理解14 【正确答案】 D【知识模块】 英文阅读理解15 【正确答案】 C【知识模块】 英文阅读理解16 【正确答案】 C【知识模块】 英文阅读理解17 【正确答案】 B【知识模块】 英文阅读理解18 【正确答案】 A【知识模块】 英文阅读理解19 【正确答案】 D【知识模块】 英文阅读理解20 【正确答案】 B【知识模块】 英文阅读理解
