1、考研英语二（阅读）模拟试卷 20 及答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)0 The business practices of America will have you in the office from nine in the morning to five in the evening, if not longer. Much of the world, though,
2、 prefers to take a nap. And research presented to the AAAS (American Academy of Arts and Sciences) meeting in San Diego suggests it may be right to do so. Matthew Walker and his colleagues at the University of California, Berkeley, have found that they probably have better memory, too. A post-meal s
3、nooze, Dr Walker has discovered, sets the brain up for learning.The role of sleep in consolidating memories that have already been created has been understood for some time. Dr Walker has been trying to extend this understanding by looking at sleeps role in preparing the brain for the formation of m
4、emories in the first place. He was particularly interested in a type of memory called episodic memory, which relates to specific events, places and times. This contrasts with procedural memory, of the skills required to perform some sort of mechanical task, such as driving. The theory he and his tea
5、m wanted to test was that the ability to form new episodic memories deteriorates with increasing wakefulness, and that sleep thus restores the brains capacity for efficient learning.They asked a group of 39 people to take part in two learning sessions, one at noon and one at 6pm. On each occasion th
6、e participants tried to memorize and recall 100 combinations of pictures and names. After the first session they were assigned randomly to either a control group, which remained awake, or a nap group, which had 100 minutes of monitored sleep. Those who remained awake throughout the day became worse
7、at learning. Those who napped, by contrast, actually improved their capacity to learn, doing better in the evening than they had at noon. These findings suggest that sleep is clearing the brains short-term memory and making way for new information.The benefits to memory of a nap, says Dr Walker, are
8、 so great that they can equal an entire nights sleep. He warns, however, that napping must not be done too late in the day or it will interfere with night-time sleep. Moreover, not everyone awakens refreshed from a nap. The dazedness that results from an unrefreshing nap is termed “sleep inertia“. S
9、ara Mednick, from the University of California, San Diego, suggests that non-habitual nappers suffer from this more often than those who snooze regularly. It may be that those who have a tendency to wake up dazed are choosing not to nap in the first place. Perhaps, though, as in so many things, it i
10、s practice that makes perfect.1 Dr. Walker has been trying to find out _.（A）the role of sleep in enhancing memory that has been created（B） the relationship between episodic memories and sleep（C） the role of brain in forming new episodic memories（D）differences between episodic and procedural memories
11、2 According to Paragraph 3, participants _.（A）were divided into two groups at the first session（B） who remained awake were bad at memorizing pictures and names（C） in a nap or control group were deliberately chosen（D）who napped performed better in the second session than the first3 What is true about
12、 the relationship between sleep and memory?（A）People who often take a nap have a better memory.（B） Sleep consolidates memory that has been understood.（C） Sleep improves the formation of procedural memory.（D）Sleep can strengthen peoples short-term memory.4 Dr. Walker would most probably agree that _.
13、（A）a nap can replace an entire nights sleep（B） non-habitual nappers will suffer from “sleep inertia“（C） people should not nap too late in the day（D）people who wake up dazed should not choose to nap5 By saying “it is practice that makes perfect“ (Line 7, Para. 4), the author means that _.（A）people ne
14、ed to learn how to take a rest（B） people can avoid sleep inertia by practice（C） people can perform better if they practice a lot（D）people needs practice to become a regular napper5 The digital attack from e-books and Amazon-style online retailers have put bookstores in an existential dilemma. Digita
15、l books are said to sell better than print titles by 2020 in Britain, and even sooner in America. With the closedown of HMV, that music-retailing giant, still fresh in everyones minds, real bookstores appear to be on borrowed time. So, what is the future of the bookstore? This was the burning questi
16、ons on everyones lips at a recent event at Foyless flagship bookshop on Charing Cross Road in London.For a bookstore to remain successful, it must improve “the experience of buying books,“ says Alex Lifschutz, an architect whose London-based practice is designing the new Foyles. He suggests an array
17、 of approaches: “small, quiet spaces isolated by books; larger spaces where one can dwell and read; other larger but still intimate spaces where one can hear talks from authors about books, literature, science, travel and cooking.“ The atmosphere is vital, he adds. Exteriors must buzz with activity,
18、 entrances must be full of eye-catching presentations and a bar and cafe is essential.There are plenty of ways to delight the bookstore customer, but few are easily converted into money. The consensus is that bookstores need to become cultural destinations where people are prepared to pay good money
19、 to hear a concert, see a film or attend a talk. The programming will have to be intelligent and the space comfortable. Given how common it is for shoppers to browse in shops only to buy online later, some wonder whether it makes sense to charge people for the privilege.But forcing people to pay for
20、 the privilege of potentially paying for goods could discourage shoppers altogether. A more attractive idea might be a membership scheme like those offered by museums. Unlike reward cards, which offer discounts and other nominal benefits, a club membership could provide priority access to events (ta
21、lks, literary workshops, retreats) and a private lounge where members can eat, drink and meet authors before events. Different memberships could tailor to the needs of children and students.To survive and thrive, bookstores should celebrate the book in all its forms: rare, second-hand, digital, self
22、-printed and so on. Readers should have the option of buying e-books in-store, and budding authors should have access to self-printing book machines. The latter have been slower to take off in Britain, but in America bookstores are finding them to be an important source of revenue.The bookstore of t
23、he future will have to work hard. Service will be knowledgeable and personalised, the inventory expertly selected, spaces well-designed and the cultural events attractive. Whether book stores, especially small independents are up to the challenge, is not clear. The fate of these stores is a cliff-ha
24、nger.6 It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that _.（A）bookstores are going out of fashion because of e-books and online retailers（B） digital books are likely to sell better than paper ones before 2020 in USA（C） bookstores are facing an existential crisis because of insufficient time（D）the future of Fo
25、yles has become the primary concern of everyone7 According to Alex Lifschutz, the most important thing a bookstore should present is _.（A）cozy atmosphere（B） delightful customer-experience（C） stylish bar and cafe（D）multi-functional arrangement of space8 It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that _.（A）i
26、t is easy to please customers（B） shoppers go to bookstores only to browse（C） extra privileges will be charged for in the future（D）bookstores need to offer more cultural services9 A more attractive idea for bookstores to achieve profits might be _.（A）a membership strategy（B） tempting reward cards（C）
27、option of buying e-books in-store（D）self-printing book machines 10 The most appropriate title of this text would be _.（A）The future of the bookstore: A Cultural Destination（B） The future of the bookstore: A Cozy Atmosphere（C） The future of the bookstore: A Real Cliffhanger（D）The future of the bookst
28、ore: An Urgent Quest10 For the past several years, I have been immersed in the study of friendship, and among the many things I have learned, one idea stands out: If you truly want to change some aspect of your life, developing friendships with people who aspire to the same goals as you do can lead
29、to more successful endeavors than embarking on solitary efforts.Shortly after we make a decision to change our behavior, we often sense a softening of what at first felt like ironclad conviction. We chastise ourselves for our inability to summon motivation and return to the poor habits were trying t
30、o break to comfort us, actively undermining our goals. What a disheartening cycle. But research shows that having friends with the same goal can interrupt that cycle.Researchers James Fowler and Nicholas Christakis have demonstrated that weight loss (and gain) spreads through friend groups, most lik
31、ely via a process of altered norms. Its not that youll necessarily adopt your friends new habits right away, but the seed will be planted. If you want to continue to feel close to her, you might even start adjusting your own routines (perhaps unconsciously) to align them more with hers.Friends can h
32、elp you reinforce individual willpower. In The Power of Habit, Charles Duhigg recommends replacing the cues that trigger, and the rewards that follow, bad behaviors with new, healthier ones. The cue and reward of a real person knocking on your door for a joint jog, and a stimulating talk over coffee
33、 afterwards, is a particularly alluring replacement for whatever previously sucked you into sedentary TV watching.In a recent New York Times column, “How People Change,“ David Brooks noted that, “Theres a research suggesting that its best to tackle negative behaviors indirectly, by redirecting atten
34、tion toward different, positive ones.“ Investing in fulfilling friendships with those who have the values and habits you admire will lift you up to those friends level more easily.The desire to be with, be like, and be liked by friends is primal. Were all built to seek out strong bonds with friends
35、on whom our very survival might have once been dependent. While we dont necessarily need friends to help hunt or fight off predators these days, most of us probably still feel like we cant live without them. Tap into that deep-down social motivation and youll not only be primed for success, youll ta
36、ke pleasure in the proverbial journey.11 According to Paragraph 2, a determination to change a behavior is often closely followed by .（A）a solid belief（B） a convincing sense（C） a weakened willpower（D）a disappearing motivation12 Researchers have indicated that change of weight spreads among friends p
37、robably through _.（A）adopting the habits of friends（B） altering the behavioral norms（C） planting the seeds with friends（D）changing original routines13 The example of joint jog is mentioned in Paragraph 4 to demonstrate that_.（A）friends help personal determination become stronger（B） contact with real
38、 person can be extremely rewarding（C） long-time TV watching is less alluring than sports（D）an encouraging talk over coffee enhances individual will14 David Brooks would most probably agree that _.（A）making friends is a wise investment（B） people are more likely to make friends with those of their own
39、 level（C） shifting attention to positive behaviors is a good way to change negative ones（D）fulfilling friendships reflect similar values and habits15 The most appropriate title of this text would be _.（A）How Friendship Makes You More Successful（B） How Friendship Ends Your Bad Behaviors（C） How Friend
40、ship lifts You to A Higher Level（D）How Friendship Brings You Stronger Willpower15 Theres no question that future leaders will need constant coaching. As the business environment becomes more complex, they will increasingly turn to coaches for help in understanding how to act. The kind of coaches I a
41、m talking about will do more than influence behaviors; they will be an essential part of the leaders learning process, providing knowledge, opinions, and judgment in critical areas. These coaches will be retired CEOs or other experts from universities, think tanks, and government.Clearly, this is no
42、t a description of what most coaches do today. What we think of as coaching is generally a service to middle managers provided by entrepreneurs with a background in consulting, psychology, or human resources. This kind of coaching became popular over the past five years because companies faced a sho
43、rtage of talent and were concerned about turnover among key employees. Firms wanted to signal their commitment to developing their high-potential executives, so they hired coaches. Meanwhile, businesspeople needed to develop not just quantitative capabilities but also people-oriented skills, and man
44、y coaches are helpful for that As coaching has become more common, any disgrace attached to receiving it at the individual level has disappeared. Now, it is often considered a badge of honor.The coaching industry will remain fragmented until a few partnerships build a brand, collect excellent people
45、, weed out those who are not so good, and create a reputation for outstanding work. Some coaching groups are evolving in this direction, but most are still small firms specializing in, for example, administering and interpreting 360-degree evaluations. To get beyond this level, the industry badly ne
46、eds a leader who can define the profession and create a serious firm in the way that Marvin Bower did when he invented the modem professional management consultancy in the form of McKinsey most of the evidence around effectiveness remains unproved. My sense is that the positive stories outnumber the
47、 negative onesbut as the industry matures, coaching firms will need to be able to demonstrate how they bring about change, as well as offer a clear methodology for measuring results.Despite the recession, I agree with most survey respondents that the demand for coaching will not contract in the long
48、 term. The big developing economies are going to have a tremendous appetite for it because management there is very youthful. University graduates are coming into jobs at 23 years old and finding that their bosses are all of 25, with the experience to match.16 According to the first paragraph, the c
49、oaches _.（A）are badly needed for their advice on behaviors（B） will become CEOs or experts in think tanks（C） are typical coaches companies now can hire（D）will play an essential role in future leaders career17 The service coaching industry can now provide includes _.（A）training on interpersonal skills（B） carrying out 360-degree evaluation（C） developing quantitative capabilities（D）turning disgrace into a badge of honor18 McKinsey & Company is mentioned in Paragraph 3 _.（A）to emphasize the role of Marv
