1、考研英语模拟试卷 307 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 0 The conception of poverty and what to【1】about it have changed over the decades. Under Social Darwinism the lazy and the【2】were suppos
2、ed to be at the bottom of the economic ladder as【3】of the “law of survival of the fittest“. Society was【4】as a network of self-sufficient families which provided for their own.【5】persons outside a household (orphans, the【6】elderly, and the crippled ) were provided outdoor relief grudgingly and as a
3、temporary expedient (权宜之计). Although it was【7】that “the poor will always be with us“, the individual was expected to improve himself【8】acts of his own will. Charity was thought to be the【9】of idleness. By keeping wages low, laborers would be【10】to work harder. At about the turn of the century, the b
4、eginning of concern about natural【11】brought uneasiness about the possible spread of beggary. There was a potentially dangerous class in【12】of disease and disorder. The “poor“ were【13】as different from “paupers“ Paupers were individuals well【14】to being on the low end of the socioeconomic【15】Without
5、 shame or bitterness, they would not seek independence and a “【16】“ life. For the mountaineers, the subsistence dwellers, and some slum dwellers, the lack of wealth,【17】has been argued, reflects a preference not to pay the psychological costs of the struggle for fiches or of adopting the middle clas
6、s work ethic of striving. In【18】, the worthy poor struggled to【19】their lot against circumstances beyond their control: low wages, sickness, industrial【20】, widowhood (孀居) and so on.（A）find（B） do（C） work（D）deal （A）inefficient（B） invalid（C） ineffective（D）inaccessible （A）an effect（B） a result（C） an ou
7、tcome（D）a consequence （A）imagined（B） estimated（C） conceived（D）guessed （A）Pity（B） Needy（C） Shabby（D）Greedy （A）childless（B） childly（C） childlike（D）childish （A）agreed（B） concurred（C） assented（D）consented （A）through（B） by（C） with（D）on （A）nurse（B） evil（C） patient（D）ward （A）promoted（B） admired（C） encourag
8、ed（D）excited （A）resource（B） source（C） origin（D）resources （A）respects（B） terms（C） regards（D）views （A）seen（B） noticed（C） watched（D）predicted （A）admitted（B） adjusted（C） applied（D）adapted （A）measure（B） scale（C） standard（D）scales （A）poor（B） better（C） humble（D）miserable （A）it（B） what（C） that（D）which （A）an
9、alogy（B） contrast（C） comparison（D）contrary （A）increase（B） enrich（C） improve（D）develop （A）accidents（B） incidents（C） events（D）disasters Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)20 Aristotle believed that the heavens were
10、 perfect. If they ever were, they are no longer. The skies above Earth are now littered with the debris (残骸) of dead satellites, bits of old rockets and the odd tool dropped by a spacewalking astronaut. Such is the extent of the detritus that the first accidental collision between two satellites has
11、 already taken place. It happened in February 2009, when a defunct (废弃的) Russian Cosmos smashed into a functioning American Iridium, destroying both and creating even more space junk. To stop this sort of thing happening again Vaios Lappas of the University of Surrey, in England, has designed a syst
12、em that will remove satellites from orbit at the end of their useful lives-and as a bonus will scour part of the sky clean as it does so. Dr. Lappass satellite-removal system employs a solar sail. As light from the sun hits the sail, it imparts a minuscule but continuous acceleration. When a satelli
13、te is first launched, the sail is angled in a way that causes this acceleration to keep the satellite in orbit. (Orbits gradually decay as a result of collisions with the small number of air molecules found even at altitudes normally classified as “outer space“. ) Solar sails have yet to be used wid
14、ely to propel spacecraft in this way-several earlier versions came unstuck when the sails failed to unfurl properly-but doing so is not a novel idea in principle The novelty Dr. Lappas envisages is to change the angle of the sail when the satellite has become defunct. Instead of keeping the derelict
15、 craft in orbit, it will, over the course of a couple of years, drag it into the atmosphere and thus to a fiery end. Not only that, but the sail will also act like a handkerchief, mopping up microscopic orbital detritus such as flecks of paint from previous launches. A fleck of paint may not sound d
16、angerous, but if travelling at 27 000kph (17 000mph), as it would be in orbit, it could easily penetrate an astronauts spacesuit. A prototype of Dr. Lappass design, called CubeSail, will be launched late next year. It weighs just 3kg and, when folded up, measures 30cm (12 inches) by 10era by 10era.
17、Once unfurled, however, the sail will have an area of 25 square metres. If this prototype, which is paid for by EADS, a European aerospace company, proves successful, solar sails might be added to many future satellites. That would enable them to be removed rapidly from orbit when they became useles
18、s and would restore to the skies some measure of Aristotelian perfection.21 The first sentence in this passage is to _.（A）criticize Aristotles viewpoint（B） praise the beauty of the outer space（C） express Aristotles attitude towards the heavens（D）warn that the space is now littered with junk 22 Which
19、 one is NOT the application of the system designed by Vaios Lappas?（A）To halt creating more space junk.（B） To remove the satellites at the end of their useful lives.（C） To stop the accidental collisions in space.（D）To clean the junk created by dead satellites. 23 Orbits decay due to _.（A）the acceler
20、ation of the spacecraft（B） the crash with small amounts of air molecules（C） the invention and application of solar sails（D）the existence of air molecules 24 If the CubeSail turns to be practical, the design will _.（A）be granted a patent to reward Dr. Lappas（B） make our skies return to be perfect（C）
21、be still useless to remove the satellites from orbit（D）be applied to all the future satellites 25 The best title for the text should be_.（A）The Outer Space（B） The CubeSail（C） Accidental Collisions（D）Sweeping the Skies 25 Electronics are being recycled in record numbers as more states require it and
22、more companies collect and even pay for discarded items, but the gains come with controversy. Some environmentalists complain that recycling is not keeping pace with electronics sales. Some say e-waste is being dumped in developing countries, where toxic materials such as lead and mercury can leach
23、from landfills into groundwater. “It is a success story, but wed like to see it get more successful“ to keep up with the electronics boom, says Janette Petersen of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The amount of recycled items more than doubled from 1999 to 2007, the most recent year for wh
24、ich the EPA has figures. But as a percentage of all electronics, it increased less, from 15% to 18%. “The demand for electronics recycling has been growing,“ partly because of the switch last year to digital TV, says Jennifer Berry of Earth911. corn, a private group that keeps a database of recycler
25、s. Last year, she says 31% of inquiries involved electronics, primarily TVs, batteries and computers. Public and private efforts are expanding. Vermont became the 21st state last month to enact a law that requires e-waste recycling. Twenty-six companies-including Dell, Hewlett Packard, ATT and Veriz
26、on-have partnered with the EPA on the Plug-In to eCycling program to promote electronics recycling since its launch in 2003. Companies such as Gazelle. corn pay for used gadgets such as iPods, which they resell or recycle. Best Buy and other stores are collecting more e-waste. Target announced last
27、month that it put bins in every store to accept cellphones, MP3 players and ink cartridges. Jim Puckett of Basel Action Network, a Seattle-based non-profit organization that aims to stop toxic exports, worries that some American companies dump e-waste in Africa to save money. “People are trying to l
28、ook green, but theyre not telling you where it (waste) is going,“ he says. “You cant turn over your TV to just any recycler. “ He says its better to store an old TV than give it to a recycler that may export it to poor countries. The Basel Action Network announced its e-Stewards program last month t
29、o ensure safe handling of electronics by using only recyclers certified by accredited organizations. It now lists 45 recyclers in 80 locations. Samsung and other companies have signed on. Environmental groups, including the Sierra Club, back it. 26 By saying “the gains come with controversy“ (Line 2
30、, Paragraph 1), the author means _.（A）recycling electronics gains no achievement（B） recycling can not solve the e-waste problem fundamentally（C） states and companies have to pay for discarded items（D）it is not necessary to take measures to recycle electronics 27 We can infer from the third paragraph
31、 that _.（A）more and more people are using electronic products（B） there is no significant achievement in recycling electronics（C） recycling electronics has gained great success（D）there is growing demand for recycling electronics 28 Which one of the following is NOT the efforts people have made?（A）Ver
32、mont has enacted a law to demand e-waste recycling.（B） Many companies join in the program to promote electronic recycling.（C） Some companies pay for used gadgets to resell or recycle.（D）Best Buy puts boxes in every store to collect e-waste. 29 According to Jim Puckett, you cannot give your electroni
33、cs to recyclers because _.（A）recyelers dont tell you where the electronics will go（B） you may be cheated by recyclers for not knowing the electronics value（C） recyclers may export the electronics to poor countries（D）you can store your electronics for a better price 30 What is the main idea of the te
34、xt?（A）Recycling of electronic items is a “success story“.（B） Environmentalists are opposed to recycling electronics.（C） Recycling can not keep pace with electronics sales.（D）It is unnecessary to recycle electronics. 30 The word “globalization“ usually conjures up images of globe-spanning companies a
35、nd distance-destroying technologies. Its enablers are the laws of comparative advantage and economies of scale. In The Great Brain Race Ben Wildavsky points to another mighty agent o globalization: universities. These were some of the worlds first “global“ institutions. In the Middle Ages great univ
36、ersities such as Paris and Bologna attracted “wandering scholars“ from across Europe. In the 19th century Germanys research universities attracted scholars from across the world. In the early 20th century philanthropists such as Cecil Rhodes and William Harkness established scholarships to foster de
37、eper links between countries. By the 1960s globe-trotting professors were so commonplace that they bad become the butt of jokes. (What is the difference between God and professor so and so? God is everywhere. Professor so and so is everywhere but here. ) Universities are obsessed by the global marke
38、tplace for students and professors. They are trying to attract as many students from abroad as possible (not least because foreign students usually pay full fees). Nearly 3 million students now spend some time studying in foreign countries, a number that has risen steeply in recent years. Universiti
39、es are also setting up overseas. New York University has opened a branch in Abu Dhabi. Six American universities have created a higher-education supermarket in Qatar. Almost every university worth its name has formed an alliance with a leading Chinese institution. But globalization is going deeper t
40、han just the competition for talent: a growing number of countries are trying to create an elite group of “global universities“ that are capable of competing with the best American institutions. China and India are focusing resources on a small group. The French and German governments are doing hatt
41、ie with academic egalitarians in an attempt to create European Ivy Leagues. Behind all this is the idea that world-class universities can make a disproportionate contribution to economic growth. This is a fascinating story. But Mr. Wildavsky, a former education reporter who now works for both the Ka
42、uffman Foundation and the Brookings Institution, is too earnest a writer to make the best of it. He wastes too much ink summarising research papers and quoting “experts“ uttering banalities. And he fails to point out the humour of sabbatical man jet-setting hither and thither to discuss such staples
43、 of modern academic life as poverty and inequality. Mr. Wildavsky should spend less time with his fellow think-tankers (who are mesmerised by the idea of a global knowledge economy) and more talking to students, who experience the disadvantages as well as the advantages of the new cult of globalizat
44、ion at first hand.31 The phrase “globe-trotting professors“ (Line 5, Paragraph 2) refers to teachers who_.（A）have links with more than one university（B） are busy with teaching in a university（C） commit themselves to educating the talents（D）like to do research on global universities 32 The author cit
45、ed New York University as an example in the third paragraph to_.（A）show glohalization of university is a trend（B） glorify it as an excellent university（C） praise global universitys contribution（D）show global universities run for profits 33 The purpose of setting up an outstanding group of “global un
46、iversities“ is to _.（A）compete for excellent students（B） compete with American institutions（C） attract more foreign students（D）make contributions to economic growth 34 Which one is NOT the shortcoming of Mr. Wildavskys writing?（A）He pays more attention to experts banalities.（B） He spends less time w
47、ith his fellow think tankers.（C） He spends too much time in summarizing the papers.（D）He is too earnest to get the best of it. 35 What is the passage mainly about?（A）The meaning of the word “globalization“.（B） How to create an elite group of “global universities“.（C） Another mighty agent of globaliz
48、ation: universities.（D）The preface of The Great Brain Race. 35 You might guess that experienced drivers have fewer accidents, but research from insurer AXA has revealed that they are more law-abiding and honest, too. A poll of 2 000 drivers in the UK found that those who have been behind the wheel f
49、or eight years or more had not only caused half as many accidents in the last year as less experienced drivers, but were also less likely to have broken the law or lied to their insurer. Experienced drivers were half as likely to have been caught using a mobile phone while driving within the last year; and a third as likely to have been caught driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs, or to have been convicted of dangerous driving. They were also a fifth as likely to have been convicted of driving without
