1、考研英语模拟试卷 313 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 0 Who won the World Cup 1994 football game? What happened at the United Nations? How did the critics like the new play?【1】 an event tak
2、es place, newspapers are on the streets【2】the details. Wherever anything happens in the world, reporters are on the spot to【3】the news. Newspapers have one basic【4】, to get the news as quickly as possible from its source, from those who make it to those who want to【5】it. Radio, telegraph, television
3、, and【6】inventions brought competition for newspaper. So did the development of magazines and other means of communication.【7】, this competition merely spurred the newspapers on. They quickly made use of the newer and faster means of communication to improve the【8】and thus the efficiency of their ow
4、n operations. Today more newspapers are【9】and read than ever before. Competition also led newspapers to branch out into many other fields. Besides keeping readers【10】of the latest news, todays newspapers【11】and influence readers about politics and other important and serious matters. Newspapers infl
5、uence readers economic choices【12】 advertising. Most newspapers depend on advertising for very【13】. Newspapers are sold at a price that【14】even a small fraction of the cost of production. The main【15】 of income for most newspapers is commercial advertising. The 【16】 in selling advertising depends on
6、 a newspapers value to advertisers. This【17】in terms of circulation. How many people read the newspaper? Circulation depends【18】on the work of the circulation department and on the services or entertainment【 19】in a newspapers pages. But for the most part, circulation depends on a newspapers value t
7、o readers as a source of information【20】the community, city, county, state, nation, and worldand even outer space.（A）Just when（B） While（C） Soon after（D）Before（A）to give（B） giving（C） given（D）being given（A）gather（B） spread（C） carry（D）bring（A）reason（B） cause（C） problem（D）purpose（A）make（B） publish（C） kn
8、ow（D）write（A）another（B） other（C） one another（D）the other（A）however（B） And（C） Therefore（D）Furthermore（A）value（B） ratio（C） rate（D）speed（A）spread（B） passed（C） printed（D）completed（A）inform（B） be informed（C） to be informed（D）informed（A）entertain（B） encourage（C） educate（D）edit（A）on（B） through（C） with（D）of
9、（A）forms（B） existence（C） contents（D）purpose（A）tries to cover（B） manages to cover（C） fails to cover（D）succeeds in covering（A）source（B） origin（C） course（D）finance（A）way（B） means（C） chance（D）success（A）measures（B） measured（C） is measured（D）was measured（A）somewhat（B） little（C） much（D）something（A）offering
10、（B） offered（C） which offered（D）to be offered（A）by（B） with（C） at（D）aboutPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)20 Before the economy fell apart, it was Britains society that was supposed to be in terminal decline, esp
11、ecially in the eyes of the Tories. David Cameron, the Conservative Party leader, was wont to bemoan “broken Britain“, mired in moral degeneracy, with high rates of teenage pregnancy, low rates of marriage and other less quantifiable breakdowns in the civilised scheme of things. Such antediluvian wor
12、ries were raked over again on July 13th when Iain Duncan Smith, a former Tory leader, called for an official endorsement of marriage. Mr Duncan Smith cites several reasons to encourage wedlock, including family stability (married couples are much less likely to split than cohabiting ones ) and healt
13、hier children who do better in later life. There was talk of state-run counselling, pro-marriage propaganda in schools and mandatory “cooling-off“ periods before divorces. Mr Duncan Smith favours tax breaks for married couples, something that Labour has long refused to endorse. It is true that marri
14、age is a declining institution. Marriage rates are at their lowest since 1895But, curiously, those who do marry now stay together for longer. Divorce rates are falling, not rising, and have been for several years. In 2007 11.9 married couples per thousand untied the knot, down from 12.2 the year bef
15、ore and the lowest since 1981The time that divorcing couples endure each other before flinging back the rings has lengthened too., from 10.1 years in 1981 to 11.7 in 2007Indifference towards the sacrament of marriage appears strongest among the elderly, not the feckless young. Since 2004, when the o
16、verall divorce rate peaked at 14.1 per thousand, over-60s have been the only part of the population whose rates have continued to rise. There are plenty of competing explanations for the diminishing appeal of divorce, and no easy way to discover which are true. Immigration may have helped, since imm
17、igrant families often have more conservative attitudes than the degenerate natives. Accountants and divorce lawyers reckon a string of recent big settlements may have acted as a deterrent (although it could equally have encouraged the poorer partners in financially unequal marriages). Falling marria
18、ge rates and falling divorce rates could be two sides of the same coin, says Kathleen Kiernan, a professor of social policy at York University. The unpopularity of marriage and the relative ease of divorce has left only a hard core of stable couples bound in wedlock. And the rise in the average age
19、at which people get married (now 36 for men and 33 for women) is helping too, since older brides and grooms tend to stay together longer in any case. If so, politicians should be cautious about handing out tax breaks. Even if they work (and Ms Kiernan thinks they would have to be enormous to have mu
20、ch effect), chivvying unmarried couples into wedlock is likely to mean more divorces in the future.21 What does “broken Britain“ refer to according to the text?（A）Britain is falling apart with several territories becoming independent.（B） The image of Britain is deteriorated in the world.（C） Britain
21、now is suffering from moral degeneracy.（D）Britain is broken away from European Union. 22 Why did Iain Duncan Smith call for an official endorsement of marriage?（A）It would improve family stability and facilitate the upbringing of children as well as peoples future development.（B） Low birth rate has
22、threatened the population of the country.（C） British government did little in the marital affairs of people.（D）Various measures should be adopted by the government to encourage marriages. 23 Which of the following is TRUE according to the text?（A）Marriage rates now are the lowest since 18th century.
23、（B） Divorce rates in 2007 were lower than that of last year.（C） Young people are more inclined to divorce than old people did.（D）Marriage and divorce rates have been both increasing these years. 24 According to the text, which of the following is NOT the reason why people do not incline to divorce?（
24、A）immigrant families are more conservative on family.（B） Big settlements in divorce cases have influenced peoples decision.（C） The average age at which people get married is on the rise.（D）People now pay more attention to maintaining their families. 25 What is Kathleen Kiernans attitude towards the
25、policy of handing out tax breaks?（A）Negative.（B） Positive.（C） Cautious.（D）Zealous. 25 Many will know that the word “muscle“ comes from the Latin for “mouse“ (rippling under the skin, so to speak ). But what about “chagrin“, derived from the Turkish for roughened leather, or scaly sharkskin. Or “lens
26、“ which comes from the Latin “lentil“ or “window“ meaning “eye of wind“ in old Norse? Looked at closely, the language comes apart in images, like those strange paintings by Giuseppe Arcimboldo where heads are made of fruit and vegetables. Not that Henry Hitchingss book is about verbal surrealism. Th
27、at is an extra pleasure in a book which is really about the way the English language has roamed the world helping itself liberally to words, absorbing them, forgetting where they came from, and moving on with an ever-growing load of exotics, crossbreeds and subtly shaded near-synonyms. It is also ab
28、out migrations within the languages own borders, about upward and downward mobility, about words losing their roots, turning up in new surroundings, or lying in wait, like “duvet“ which was mentioned by Samuel Johnson, for their moment. All this is another way of writing history. The Arab etymologie
29、s of “ saffron “, “crimson“ and “sugar“ speak of Englands medieval trade with the Arab world. We have “cheque“ and “tariff“ from this source too, plus “arithmetic“ and “algorithm“-just as we have “etch“ and “sketch“ from the Dutch, musical terms from the Italians and philosophical ones from the Germ
30、ans. French nuance and finesse are everywhere. At every stage, the book is about people and ideas on the move, about invasion, refugees, immigrants, traders, colonists and explorers. This is a huge subject and one that is almost bound to provoke question-marks and explosions in the margins-soon forg
31、otten in the books sheer sweep and scale. A balance between straight history and word history is sometimes difficult to strike, though. There is a feeling, occasionally, of being bundled too fast through complex linguistic developments and usages, or of being given interesting slices of history for
32、the sake, after all, of not much more than a “gong“ or a “moccasin“. But it is churlish to carp. The authors zest and grasp are wonderful. He makes you want to check out everything-“ carp“ and “zest“ included. Whatever is hybrid, fluid and unpoliced about English delights him. English has never had
33、its Acad mie Francaise, but over the centuries it has not lacked furious defenders against foreign “corruption“. There have been rearguard actions to preserve its “manly“ pre-Norman origins, even to reconstruct it along Anglo-Saxon lines: “wheel- saddle“ for bicycle, “painlore“ for pathology. But th
34、e omnivorous beast is rampant still. More people speak it as their second language than as their first. Forget the language of Shakespeare. Its “Globish“ now, the language of aspiration. No one owns it, a cause for despair to some. Mr. Hitchings admits to wincing occasionally, but almost on principl
35、e he is more cheerful than not.26 According to the text, which of the following is TRUE?（A）Muscle derives from Italian.（B） Chagrin derives from Turkish.（C） Crimson derives from Persian.（D）Sketch derives from German. 27 What is the trend in the English language that this book emphasizes?（A）The Englis
36、h language is becoming assimilated with other languages.（B） Differences between languages are more and more obvious.（C） The English language is always absorbing words from other languages and turning them into its own.（D）The English language is gradually losing its linguistic vitality. 28 Why does t
37、he author quote the paintings by Giuseppe Arcimboldo?（A）Language is like vegetables and fruits.（B） Language is composed of various colourful elements.（C） Language can be seen as various pictures.（D）Most words in languages have their origins in vegetables or fruits. 29 Which of the following may NOT
38、be the reason of language integration according to the text?（A）Cultural communication.（B） International trades.（C） Colonism, emigration and immigration.（D）Internal motivation of languages. 30 According to the text, what does “Acad mie Francaise“ refer to?（A）An institute that aims at protecting the p
39、urity of language.（B） An institute established by France to promote French education in the world.（C） An institute of France that have all the renowned scholars in France.（D）An institute of higher education in France, especially famous for its authentic language education. 30 Yamato, the ancient nam
40、e of Japan, essentially means “big harmony“. To achieve such balance, Japanese society has refined a plethora of cultural traits: humility, loyalty, respect and consensus. In the field of business, however, this often results in a lack of leaders who are willing to stand out from the crowd, promote
41、themselves and act decisively. “The nail that sticks up gets hammered down“ is a common Japanese refrain; “the hawk with talent hides his talons“ is another. Whereas American and European bosses like to appear on the covers of global business magazines, their Japanese counterparts are comfortable in
42、 their obscurity. Business in Japan is generally run as a group endeavor. Such democratic virtues served the country well in the post-war period. But today they hold too many Japanese firms back. Japan boasts some of the best companies in the world: Toyota, Canon and Nintendo are the envy of their i
43、ndustries. But they operate on a global scale and have tentatively embraced some unconsensual American methods. In much of the Japanese economy-especially its huge domestic services sector-managers are in something of a funk. Firms do not give promising youngsters responsibility early on, but alloca
44、te jobs by age. Unnecessarily long working hours are the norm, sapping productivity. And there are few women and foreigners in senior roles, which narrows the talent pool. So how pleasing it is to be able to report the success of a business leader who breaks the mould. Young, dynamic and clever, he
45、is not afraid to push aside old, conservative know- nothings. He disdains corporate politics and promotes people based on merit rather than seniority. He can make mistakes (he got involved in a questionable takeover-defence scheme), but he is wildly popular with salarymen: his every move is chronicl
46、ed weekly. In June he was given the top job at one of Japans biggest firms. Kosaku Shima of Hatsushiba Goyo Holdings has only one serious shortcoming: he is not a real person, but a manga, or cartoon, character. For many critics of Japan, that says it all: Mr. Shima could exist only in fiction. In f
47、act there is room for the countrys managers and even its politicians to learn from him. Most of the lessons are for Japans managers. At present, bosses rarely say what they think because it might disrupt the harmony, or be seen as immodest. Their subordinates are reluctant to challenge ideas because
48、 that would cause the boss to lose face. So daft strategies fester rather than getting culled quickly. There is little risk-taking or initiative. The crux of the problem is Japanese companies culture of consensus-based decision-making. Called nemawashi ( literally, “going around the roots“ ) or ring
49、i ( bottom-up decisions), it helped to establish an egalitarian workplace. In the 1980s Western management consultants cooed that it was the source of Japans competitive strength. Sometimes it can be, as in periods of crisis when an entire firm needs to accept new marching orders quickly. But most of the time it strangles a company. Relying on consensus means that decisions are made slowly, if at all. With so many people to please, the result is often a mediocre morass of compromises. And with so many hands involved, there is no accountability; no reason for in
