1、考研英语模拟试卷 320 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 0 Young girls at high risk for depression appear to have a malfunctioning reward system in their brains, a new study suggests. The find
2、ing comes from research that【1】a high-risk group of 13 girls, aged 10 to 14, who were not depressed but had mothers who【2】recurrent depression and a low-risk group of 13 girls with no【3】or family history of depression. Both groups were given MRI brain【4】while completing a task that could【5】either re
3、ward or punishment. 【6】with girls in the low-risk group, those in the high-risk group had【7】neural responses during both anticipation and receipt of the reward.【8】, the high-risk girls showed no【9】in an area of the brain called the dorsal anterior cingulated cortex (背侧前扣带皮质), believed to play a role
4、 in【10】past experiences to assist learning. The high-risk girls did have greater activation of this brain area【11】receiving punishment, compared with the other girls. The researchers said that this suggests that high-risk girls have easier time【12】information about loss and punishment than informati
5、on about reward and pleasure. “Considered together with reduced activation in the striatal (纹状体的) areas commonly observed【13】reward, it seems that the reward-processing system is critically【14 】in daughters who are at elevated risk for depression,【15】they have not yet experienced a depressive【16】,“
6、wrote Ian H. Gotlib, of Stanford University, and his colleagues. “【17】, longitudinal studies are needed to determine whether the anomalous activations【18】in this study during the processing of【19】and losses are associated with the【20】onset of depression,“ they concluded. The study was published in t
7、he April of the Archives of General Psychiatry.（A）embodied（B） included（C） concluded（D）consisted （A）experienced（B） undertook（C） subjected（D）experimented （A）personal（B） unique（C） private（D）single （A）explorations（B） examinations（C） detections（D）scans （A）result from（B） suppose to（C） result in（D）lead in
8、（A）Made（B） Regarded（C） Insisted（D）Compared （A）stronger（B） weaker（C） lower（D）higher （A）Directly（B） Hardly（C） Specifically（D）Initially （A）movement（B） sign（C） symbol（D）activation （A）reinforcing（B） improving（C） weakening（D）slacking （A）why（B） when（C） wherever（D）whereas （A）processing（B） counting（C） employ
9、ing（D）implying （A）after（B） among（C） with（D）during （A）repaired（B） impaired（C） healed（D）damaged （A）because（B） and（C） hence（D）although （A）anecdote（B） time（C） episode（D）process （A）Clearly（B） Skeptically（C） Nonetheless（D）However （A）carried（B） observed（C） effected（D）suffered （A）criticisms（B） punishments（C
10、） rewards（D）allowances （A）subsequent（B） inadequate（C） sequential（D）frequent Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)20 It seemed so promisingmirrors sprawled across desert land in the scorching southwest delivering cl
11、ean electricity and helping Americans out of the increasing fuel crisis. Some scientists and industry developers claim that Nevadas empty and sun-drenched expanses alone could supply enough electricity to power the entire country. Now even the optimists fear this wonderful prospect may be a mirage.
12、Congress cannot make up their mind to extend the tax-reducing bill for solar-energy projects, which solar advocates say is critical to the future of their industry but which is due to expire at the end of the year. The latest attempt failed in the Senate earlier this month, prospects for a deal befo
13、re Novembers presidential and congressional elections now look dim. Uncertainty has led some investors to delay or abandon projects in the past few months. Rhone Resch, the president of the Solar Energy Industries Association, said if the tax-reducing bill is allowed to expire at the end of the year
14、, “it will result in the loss of billions of dollars in new investments in solar. “ Further dampening hopes for a big solar-energy boom, the federal Bureau of Land Management (BLM) has abruptly suspended new applications to put solar collectors on federal land. The agency says it has received more t
15、han 130 applications and needs to conduct a region-wide environmental impact study on the industry before it will accept any more. The study will take 22 months to complete, however. Few argue against trying to preserve precious water sources and protect desert tortoises and other creatures that mig
16、ht not enjoy cohabiting with sprawling fields of mirrors. But many solar advocates wonder why the government is not acting as cautiously when it comes to drilling for oil and gas. Senator Maria Cantwell, a Democrat from Washington State, wants a congressional probe into the proposed suspension. “The
17、 fact that the BLM pops this out without people even knowing about it, especially when solar thermal looks extremely promising as a power source, is not right,“ she says. Harry Reid of Nevada, who is the majority leader in the Senate, also condemns the BLMs freeze, saying that it could “slow new dev
18、elopment to a crawl“. The BLM is not without its supporters, however. At a public meeting on June 23rd in Golden, Colorado, Alex Daue, of the Wilderness Society, said that his organization supports renewable energy development as long as it doesnt damage other important resources. The message is cle
19、ar: no rubber stamps, even for renewable energy.21 “mirrors sprawled across desert land“ is mentioned to_.（A）show the technology of solar energy（B） spotlight the high technology in the United States（C） introduce the prospect of solar energy（D）explain how to make use of Nevadas empty and sun-drenched
20、 expanses22 The word “mirage“ (Line 1, Paragraph 2) most probably means_.（A）insight（B） craze（C） vision（D）prospect23 According to Senator Maria Cantwell,_.（A）the BLM should suspend new applications to put solar collectors on federal land（B） the BLM should not suspend new applications to put solar col
21、lectors on federal land（C） the congress should decide whether to suspend new applications or not（D）the congress should send experts to help the BLM to make decisions24 What does the last sentence of the text mean?（A）Even the project of renewable energy should not be granted.（B） Even the project of r
22、enewable energy should not produce wastes.（C） Even the project of renewable energy should not pollute the environment.（D）Even the project of renewable energy should not be suspended.25 Which of the following titles is closest to the message the text tries to convey?（A）Renewable Energy（B） A heavy Blo
23、w for Solar Energy（C） Environment and Solar Energy（D）Do We Need Solar Energy?25 A bite of a cookie containing peanuts could cause the airway to constrict fatally. Sharing a toy with another child who had earlier eaten a peanut butter and jelly sandwich could raise a case of hives. A peanut butter cu
24、p dropped in a Halloween bag could contaminate the rest of the treats, posing an unknown risk. These are the scenarios that “make your bone marrow turn cold“ according to L. Val Giddings, vice president for food and agriculture of the Biotechnology Industry Organization. Besides representing the pol
25、icy interests of food biotech companies in Washington, D. C., Giddings is the father of a four-year-old boy with a severe peanut allergy. Peanuts are only one of the most allergenic foods; estimates of the number of people who experience a reaction to the beans hover around 2 percent of the populati
26、on. Giddings says that peanuts are only one of several foods that biotechnologists are altering genetically in an attempt to eliminate the proteins that do great harm to some peoples immune systems. Although soy allergies do not usually cause life-threatening reactions, the scientists are also targe
27、ting soybeans, which can be found in two thirds of all manufactured food, making the supermarket a minefield for people allergic to soy. Biotechnologists are focusing on wheat, too, and might soon expand their research to the rest of the “big eight“ allergy-inducing foods: tree nuts, milk, eggs, she
28、llfish and fish. Last September, for example, Anthony J. Kinney, a crop genetics researcher at DuPont Experimental Station in Wilmington, Del., and his colleagues reported using a technique called RNA interference (RNAi) to silence the genes that encode p34, a protein responsible for causing 65 perc
29、ent of all soybean allergies. RNAi exploits the mechanism that cells use to protect themselves against foreign genetic material; it causes a cell to destroy RNA transcribed from a given gene, effectively turning off the gene. Whether the public will accept food genetically modified to be low-allerge
30、n is still unknown. Courtney Chabot Dreyer, a spokesperson for Pioneer Hi-Bred International, a subsidiary of DuPont, says that the company will conduct studies to determine whether a promising market exists for low allergen soy before developing the seeds for sale to farmers. She estimates that Pio
31、neer Hi-Bred is seven years away from commercializing the altered soybeans. Doug Gurian-Sherman, scientific director of the biotechnology project at the Center for Science in the Public Interesta group that has advocated enhanced Food and Drug Administration oversight for genetically modified foodsc
32、omments that his organization would not oppose low-allergen foods if they prove to be safe. But he wonders about “identity preservation“ a term used in the food industry to describe the deliberate separation of genetically engineered and no nengineered products. A batch of nonengineered peanuts or s
33、oybeans might contaminate machinery reserved for low-allergen versions, he suggests, reducing the benefit of the gene-altered food. Such issues of identity preservation could make low-allergen genetically modified foods too costly to produce, Chabot Dreyer admits. But, she says, “its still too early
34、 to see if thats true. “ 26 According to the text, foods have been genetically altered to_.（A）taste more delicious（B） to cure peoples ineffectiveness in immune system（C） to promote sales of peanut（D）to lower the chance to get allergy27 What can be inferred about genetically modified foods from the t
35、ext?（A）People do not accept any genetically modified foods.（B） All genetically modified foods will be of benefit to peoples health.（C） Genetically modified foods still have a long way to go.（D）Genetically modified foods will soon be sold in supermarkets.28 According to the text, which of the followi
36、ng statements is true?（A）Genetically modified foods have been supervised by the authority.（B） Genetically modified foods have proved to be safe.（C） The no engineered foods absolutely can be contaminated by the engineered foods.（D）The engineered foods are immediately profitable for the food companies
37、.29 From the text, we can know that RNAi_.（A）can deprive cells of certain mechanism（B） can protect cells against foreign genetic material（C） can be effective on 34 kinds of genes（D）can cause soybean allergies30 What is the authors attitude towards genetically modified foods?（A）Supportive.（B） Unbiase
38、d.（C） Partial.（D）Skeptical.30 While the ripples of Americas subprime-mortgage crisis have spread far and wide, Latin Americaa place long associated with financial disasterhas remained improbably calm. Banks have reported no unpleasant surprises. Brazil and Peru have been blessed with coveted investm
39、ent-grade ratings. Surprisingly, perhaps the fleetest country of all has been Argentina. Since it emerged from the financial crisis of 2001-02, it has been one of the worlds fastest-growing economies. It is expected to expand faster than most of its neighbors again this year. Quite simply, it barely
40、 has any credit. Back when its economy virtually collapsed, the country suffered a run on its banks, followed by a freeze on withdrawals, and a massive currency devaluation. As a result, bank lending to the private sector shrivelled, from 23.8% of GDP in 2000 to 10.8% in 2003. Since then, it has reb
41、ounded to a piddling 13% ; by contrast, the ratio in Brazil was 36.5% in 2006. Almost all of these loans in Argentina are accessible only on a short-term basis. Once its recovery began in June 2002, Argentina became a paradise for business. Unemployment of over 20% kept wages down, and the devaluati
42、on gave exporters an edge on foreign competitors. The ample productive capacity left idle by the crisis meant firms could expand without making big investments. And the windfall profits reaped by agricultural exporters, thanks to record commodities prices, enabled many of them to finance new project
43、s out of earnings. Hence the economy could grow at almost 9% a year with little need for credit. But such a lucky confluence of factors could not last. Starting in early 2005 ,.inflation picked up, a sign that the installed capacity was starting to limit output. Salaries and prices for raw materials
44、 increased sharply, cutting into profits. And farmers were particularly hard hit when the government nearly doubled the taxes in farm exports. Now, just as companies need to embark on big investments if they are to keep growing, their margins are no longer big enough to pay for the expansion and the
45、y need to borrow. So, the time is ripe for the countrys financial system to recover. But a number of things are in the way. Foremost is Argentinas business risk. Those in the informal economy (which represents over 40% of GDP) can neither save nor borrow legally, lest they become known to the taxmen
46、. The rest remain cowed by memories of the crisis. Although Argentines have poured their savings into property, fuelling a construction boom, they still hold about four-fifths of their deposits abroad. Inflation, fuelled by a public-spending binge, state-mandated wage increases, and a cheap currency
47、, is not helping either. No one knows how high it is. The consumer-price index is doctored to keep the official rate below 10%, but private estimates suggest it is near 25%. Without a reliable index of inflation, lending is almost impossible, even for the medium term. And the central bank has kept i
48、nterest rates strongly negative in real terms, encouraging workers to spend their wages rather than to save.31 It can be inferred from the first paragraph that_.（A）Latin America has been greatly influenced by Americas subprime-mortgage crisis（B） Latin America is suffering a financial disaster（C） Arg
49、entina has suffered a financial crisis at the beginning of this century（D）Argentinas economy grows faster than any other countries economy32 Argentinas economy began its recovery in 2002. According to the text, which of the following is not the reason?（A）Low wages.（B） Low unemployment.（C） Low value of currency.（D）Low commodities prices of exports.33 According to the author, Argentinas financial recovery has been blocked because_.（A）companies never pay the tax（B） the banks cannot offer enough financial help（C） they do not have
