1、考研英语模拟试卷 334 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 1 In some early attempts by psychologists to describe the basic learning process, the terms stimulus, response and reinforcement were i
2、ntroduced. In an educational setting, these (1)_ could be defined as follows. When a teacher gives an (2)_, or sets a problem, or asks a question, the pupil (3)_ in some way, and the teacher then tells the pupil if he has responded correctly. The teachers first action is called the (4)_. The pupils
3、action, carrying out the instruction, or solving the problem, or answering the question, is (5)_ the response. When the teacher tells the pupil his response is (6)_, the bond between the stimulus and the response is strengthened and reinforcement is positive. If the response is incorrect, the bond i
4、s weakened, and reinforcement is (7)_Some psychologists laid great (8)_ on the importance of reinforcement for continued learning. They (9)_ that if a learner is not given information about his responses (feedback) he may not continue to respond. (10)_, if his homework is not marked regularly, he wi
5、ll stop doing it. If in class, the answers he gives to the teachers questions are (11)_ or brushed aside, he will stop trying to give any.Educational psychologists are, (12)_, moving away from this simple, early (13)_ of the basic learning process. The effects of feedback, for example, are seen to b
6、e more (14)_ than this description suggests. Feedback does not merely positively or negatively (15)_ the stimulus-response bond. It may (16)_ confirm previously learned meanings and associations, correct mistakes, (17)_ misunderstandings and show how well or badly different parts of the material hav
7、e been learned. Thus (18)_ may have the effect of increasing the learners confidence, backing up his previously (19)_ knowledge, and showing him which items he has not (20)_ grasped.（A）words（B） terms（C） phrases（D）jargons（A）instance（B） analysis（C） instruction（D）advice（A）answers（B） responds（C） retorts
8、（D）replies（A）incentive（B） response（C） stimulus（D）reinforcement（A）seen as（B） regarded as（C） thought as（D）known as（A）false（B） correct（C） artificial（D）true（A）wrong（B） minus（C） negative（D）unworkable（A）emphasis（B） focus（C） concentration（D）attention（A）decided（B） discussed（C） argued（D）debated（A）Above all（B
9、） In a word（C） As a result（D）For example（A）criticized（B） blamed（C） omitted（D）ignored（A）however（B） therefore（C） furthermore（D）otherwise（A）approach（B） method（C） model（D）way（A）simple（B） complex（C） particular（D）necessary（A）unite（B） consolidate（C） reinforce（D）associate（A）much（B） seldom（C） never（D）also（A）
10、clear up（B） take up（C） make up（D）set up（A）response（B） reaction（C） praise（D）feedback（A）inquired（B） acquired（C） required（D）requested（A）absolutely（B） wholly（C） partly（D）fullyPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)20 Pro
11、fessor Kumar Bhatt, founder and head of Warwick Manufacturing Group (WMG), and Rob Meakin, a personnel director at Marconi, have developed a partnership to train engineers and managers to become e-literate. The New Knowledge Partnership will include a team of 40 Marconi managers in what Professor Bh
12、att calls electronic engineering management or E2. A wide range of engineering and non-engineering companies has expressed interest in these exciting programs.Professor Bhatt believes that e-commerce is changing the business environment to a huge extent. Many chief executives do not understand the p
13、ower of the new technologies and, in some cases, are actually resisting change. He says, “as long as enough industry leaders realize its potential benefits, e-business will make possible a second productivity revolution in Britain. This could take the economy close to eliminating the still substanti
14、al competitiveness gap with its main rivals. Over the last five years in the US there has been a 30% improvement in manufacturing sector productivity because of information technology. In Britain we can achieve more than that and successful e-business will be worth billions to the UK economy. “ Alre
15、ady Britain makes more use of computer-aided design and manufacture (CAD/CAM) and management information technology systems than other European countries, and has a government that actively promotes e-business.But, observes Professor Bhatt, Britain has never used technology as a growth driver. “The
16、thing about electronic engineering management is that you can keep your legacy systems; you just need to link those systems with an information engine. At the touch of a button it will allow project managers to see the status of a project, identify problems precisely and make virtually immediate dec
17、isions based on information that will be much more complete than in the past. “The E2 program is the result of an alliance by the Warwick Manufacturing Group with Americas leading e-commerce study center, Carnegie Mellon. The latter will be responsible for training many of the Marconi managers in Am
18、erica, where the group has half its business. In Britain, Professor Bhatt has linked up with Sun Microsystems, Oracle and Parametric Technology, to set up a multi-million pound E2 design and manufacturing center at the university which will be used for training and research.Professor Bhatt believes
19、that e-commerce is changing business to such an extent that WMG is likely to be renamed Warwick Electronic Manufacturing Group. But, he warns “The move to globalize because of e-commerce is racing ahead. Although the net allows British industry to overtake their European peers, it also offers Asian
20、countries to leapfrog (跃过) the West. For the first time it is not the privilege of the western world because this technology is universal. “21 Professor Bhatt and Rob Meakin have developed a method to_.（A）teach electronic engineering management（B） train employees to be acquainted with e-commerce（C）
21、train employees to be engineers and managers（D）teach employees about developing a partnership22 How does Professor Bhatt feel about many leaders in companies?（A）They do not understand a possible second productivity revolution in Britain.（B） They are excited about change.（C） They are ready for e-busi
22、ness.（D）They sometimes are against the change resulted from new technologies.23 According to the passage, what do you know about e-business in Britain?（A）E-business has eliminated many competitive rivals.（B） E-business has done many benefits to big companies.（C） Many companies have joined in the E2
23、business program.（D）E-business has great potential and will make changes in the country.24 According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?（A）Britain can be competitive to US in the area of information technology.（B） Britain has already taken the advantages of running engineering
24、 management.（C） As with many other European countries, Britain has made use of computer-aided systems.（D）E-commerce has offered opportunities to European countries to eliminate the competitiveness gap with all the rivals.25 WMG would like to change its name because_.（A）Britain is going to catch up w
25、ith all other European countries in the field of electronic engineering management（B） business has been influenced so much by e-commerce（C） the e-commerce has offered Asian countries the chance to overtake Britain and the rest of Europe（D）e-business is very popular and will become universal25 Genera
26、tion Ythe group of Americans currently in their late teens to early 30sgets called a lot of names. Personal finance advisers dub gen Y-ers spendthrifts. Marketers consider them brand-lovers. Pop psychologists describe them as coddled products of helicopter parents; a generation that can barely survi
27、ve in the real world on its own. But one of their defining characteristicstheir savviness as consumers, derived from growing up in the Internet age as well as experiencing the most recent recessionhas been largely ignored. As a result, many of the companies trying to win them over are doing it all w
28、rong.Gen Y likes to feel influence and power. They like to feel that companies are serving them and really bristle at the idea of being taken advantage of. These relatively new consumers are also on the lookout for potential scams and bad deals, she says, and are wary at the first sign that they are
29、 being manipulated.For the most part, banks, retailers, and other companies have failed to embrace this generations new mind-set. Banks further erode the trust of many young customers, who already regard financial institutions with suspicion, every time they blast off a slew of product offers. “Peop
30、le feel like theyre getting bombarded with irrelevant offers,“ says Ron Shevlin, senior analyst at Aite Group, a research and advisory firm.In the retail sector, traditional lifestyle advertising has become as outdated as low-rise jeans. Abercrombie the big moment comes in the forthcoming film. Mean
31、while, Alan in “Equus“ not only engages in some serious equi-erotic nuzzling with an actor playing a horse, but is also onstage, fully nude, for 10 minutes, during which he nearly has sex with an equally naked young woman.36 Hathaway. This is a_.（A）simile（B） comparison（C） hyperbole（D）analogy37 The w
32、ord “extricated“(Para. 4) implies_.（A）rescued（B） freed（C） cleared（D）extracted38 The audiences response to the new image of “Harry Porter“ is_.（A）negative（B） positive（C） indifferent（D）none of the above39 The two dissimilar characters, i.e. Harry and Alan are common in that_.（A）they are both weird（B）
33、their parents are weird（C） they have unresolved issues（D）they have weird families40 The best title for this passage is_.（A）Harry Porter Is Disappearing（B） The Naked “Harry Porter“（C） The Successful Change of “Harry Porter“（D）Harry Porter in “Enquus“Part B (10 points) 41 In the following text, some s
34、entences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list (A、B 、C、D、E 、F 、G) to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are several extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. (10 points)In 1959 the average American family paid $989 for a years supply of
35、food. In 1972 the family paid $1,311. That was a price increase of nearly one-third. Every family has had this sort of experience. Everyone agrees that the cost of feeding a family has risen sharply. But there is less agreement when reasons for the rise are being discussed. Who is really responsible
36、? Many blame the farmers who produce the vegetables, fruit, meat, eggs, and cheese that stores offer for sale. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the farmers share of the $1,311 spent by the family in 1972 was $521. This was 31 percent more than the farmer had received in 1959.(41)_. T
37、hey particularly blame those who process the farm products after the products leave the farm. These include truck drivers, meat packers, manufacturers of packages and other food containers, and the owners of stores where food is sold.(42)_.Of the $1,311 family food bill in 1972, middlemen received $
38、790, which was 33 percent more than they had received in 1959. It appears that the middlemens profit has increased more than farmers. But some economists claim that the middlemens actual profit was very low. According to economists at the First National City Bank, the profit for meat packers and foo
39、d stores amounted to less than one percent. During the same period all other manufacturers were making a profit of more than 5 percent. By comparison with other members of the economic system both farmers and middlemen have profited surprisingly little from the rise in food prices.(43)_. Vegetables
40、and chicken cost more when they have been cut into pieces by someone other than the one who buys it. A family should expect to pay more when several “TV dinners“ are taken home from the store. These are fully cooked meals, consisting of meat, vegetables, and sometimes desert, all arranged on a metal
41、 dish. The dish is put into the oven and heated while the housewife is doing something else. Such a convenience costs money. (44)_.Economists remind us that many modern housewives have jobs outside the home. They earn money that helps to pay the family food bills. The housewife naturally has less ti
42、me and energy for cooking after a days work. She wants to buy many kinds of food that can be put on her familys table easily and quickly. It appears that the answer to the question of rising prices is not a simple one. Producers, consumers, and middlemen all share the responsibility for the sharp ri
43、se in food costs. (45)_.A. Economists do not agree on some of the predictions. They also do not agree on the value of different decisions. Some economists support a particular decision while others criticize it.B. However, some economists believe that controls can have negative effects over a long p
44、eriod of time. In cities with rent control, the city government sets the maximum rent that a landlord can charge for an apartment.C. Who then is actually responsible for the size of the bill a housewife must pay before she carries the food home from the store? The economists at First National City B
45、ank have an answer to give housewives, but many people will not like it. These economists blame the housewife herself for the jump in food prices. They say that food costs more now because women dont want to spend much time in the kitchen. Women prefer to buy food which has already been prepared bef
46、ore it reaches the market.D. “If the housewife wants all of these,“ the economists say, “that is her privilege, but she must be prepared to pay for the services of those who make her work easier.“E. They are among the “middlemen“ who stand between the farmer and the people who buy and eat the food.
47、Are middlemen the ones to blame for rising food prices?F. Thus, as economists point out, “Some of the basic reasons for widening food price spreads are easily traceable to the increasing use of convenience foods, which transfer much of the time and work of meal preparation from the kitchen to the fo
48、od processors plant.“G. But farmers claim that this increase was very small compared to the increase in their cost of living. Farmers tend to blame others for the sharp rise in food prices.Part B45 The social sciences are flourishing. As of 2005, there were almost half a million professional social
49、scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010, the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.Yet this enormous resource in not contributing enough to todays global challenges including climate change, security, sustainable development and health.(41)_Humanity has the necessary ag
