1、考研英语模拟试卷 339 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 1 Reading and writing have long been thought of as complementary skills: to read is to recognize and interpret language that has been w
2、ritten; to write is to plan and produce language (1)_ it can be read. It is therefore widely (2)_ that being able to read implies being able to writer, at least, being able to spell. Often, children are taught to read but (3)_ no formal tuition in spelling; it is felt that spelling will be “(4)_ up“
3、. The attitude has its (5)_ in the methods of 200 years ago, when teachers carefully taught spelling, and assumed that reading would (6)_ automatically. Recent research into spelling errors and “slips of the pen“ has begun to show that matters are (7)_ so simple. There is no necessary link between r
4、eading and writing: good readers do not always (8)_ good writers. Nor is there any necessary link between reading and spelling: there are many people who have no (9)_ in reading, but who have a major persistent (10)_ in spellingsome researchers have estimated that this may be as (11)_ as 2% of the p
5、opulation. With children, too, there is (12)_ that knowledge of reading does not automatically (16)_ to spelling. If there (14)_ a close relationship, children should be able to read and spell the (15)_ words: but this is not so. It is (16)_ to find children who can read (17)_ better than they can s
6、pell. More surprisingly, the (18)_ happens with some children in the early stages of reading. One study (19)_ children the same list of words to read and spell: several (20)_ spelled more words correctly than they were able to read correctly.（A）in order（B） for（C） that（D）so that（A）assumed（B） guessed（
7、C） recognized（D）implemented（A）with（B） had（C） given（D）obtained（A）picked（B） gathered（C） found（D）put（A）encounter（B） counterpart（C） cause（D）standard（A）realize（B） reach（C） acquire（D）follow（A）not（B） really（C） exactly（D）precisely（A）achieve（B） answer for（C） match（D）make（A）fun（B） difficulty（C） interest（D）tal
8、ent（A）mistake（B） handicap（C） incompetence（D）fracture（A）much（B） many（C） great（D）far（A）assumption（B） reason（C） evidence（D）refer（A）transform（B） translate（C） refer（D）transfer（A）were（B） exists（C） is（D）came（A）same（B） other（C） several（D）correct（A）often（B） frequent（C） popular（D）commonplace（A）very（B） far（C）
9、no（D）any（A）adverse（B） counterpoint（C） reverse（D）insufficiency（A）required（B） told（C） gave（D）demanded（A）actually（B） likely（C） sideways（D）slylyPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)21 Owing to the insufficient gas supp
10、ly in the United States, the gas price has dramatically risen. The new gas price reality and the policy decisions it may trigger will undoubtedly lead to critical financial implications for some individuals or companies, but the situation can hardly be termed a “national crisis“ or even a “shortage“
11、. What is true is that buyersparticularly those in the chemical industry and in independent power generation will not be able to acquire the quantity of gas they wish at the prices they wish to pay, or even at prices that will allow them to remain competitive in their markets, particularly during pe
12、ak demand seasons.Over the next year or two, the result will be higher, and more volatile prices, to be sure, but there are market-driven adjustment mechanisms even in the short term, e.g., more electric power from coal and oil, reduced production of domestic chemicals, and a commensurate substituti
13、on of imports. Consumers and companies will feel the economic pinch of higher prices; particularly, if we experience an exceptionally hot summer and a winter, when average temperatures were 20% colder than the year before in the Northeast. Still, the United States faces neither the specter of econom
14、ic recessionat least not solely due to gas pricesnor of freezing families unable to obtain gas to heat their homes.Given this new price plateau, demand adjustments will also take place and vary across regions of the United States and across industries, with power generation and chemicals perhaps the
15、 most affected. Some in those industries may find that their facilities are no longer financially viable at the new price plateau, and there will likely be another round of industrial restructuring not unlike others that have resulted from international differences in resource and labor costslest we
16、 forget, natural gas is still abundant and very low cost in other countries such as Trinidad, Qatar, and Iran, just as labor is abundant and low cost in China, Indonesia, and parts of Latin America.From a policy perspective, the United States needs to carefully evaluate a series of trade-offs betwee
17、n environmental concerns and economic growth. The gas price experiences of the last two years are the first real tastes of the economic costs of a gas-based environmental strategy. Evaluating these trade-offs needs to be done with a level head and a clear understanding of those trade-offs.21 What is
18、 the main topic of the article?（A）American economy is strongly hit by the high prices of gas.（B） American economy is affected by the high price of gas, but it is not a crisis.（C） American economic policy is a failure.（D）The prices of gas will rise in the following years.22 What conclusion can we dra
19、w from the second paragraph?（A）The gas prices will become steady in the next year or two.（B） In a short period, the problem will be solved by the electricity produced by coal and oil.（C） There wont be an economic recession even though the present situation is unfavorable.（D）Many American families wi
20、ll be freezing because they cant afford the gas with such a high price.23 Which of the following is NOT correct according to the third paragraph?（A）The power generation and chemicals perhaps may be the most affected.（B） Some industries may find that their facilities are no longer financially viable
21、at the new price plateau.（C） Natural gas is abundant in China, Indonesia, and parts of Latin America.（D）Natural gas is still abundant and very low cost in other countries such as Trinidad, Qatar, and Iran.24 What does the underlined word “commensurate“ in the second paragraph mean?（A）proper（B） addin
22、g（C） supplementary（D）sufficient25 Which of the following is NOT true according to the article?（A）The financial situation is rather critical owing to the high gas prices.（B） The economic situation is not bad enough to trigger a recession.（C） Demand adjustments are the same in all the states of Americ
23、a.（D）The U.S. need to reconsider its policy concerning environment and economic growth.26 Few people would defend the Victorian attitude to children, but if you were a parent in those days, at least you knew where you stood: children were to be seen and not heard. Freud and company did away with all
24、 that and parents have been bewildered ever since. The childs happiness is all-important, the psychologists say, but what about the parents happiness? Parents suffer continually from fear and guilt while their children gaily romp about pulling the place apart. A good “old-fashioned“ spanking is out
25、of the question: no modern child-rearing manual would permit such barbarity. The trouble is you are not allowed even to shout. Who knows what deep psychological wounds you might inflict? The poor child may never recover from the dreadful traumatic experience. So it is that parents bend over backward
26、s to avoid giving their children complexes which a hundred years ago hadnt even been heard of. Certainly a child needs love, and a lot of it. But the excessive permissiveness of modern parents is surely doing more harm than good.Psychologists have succeeded in undermining parents confidence in their
27、 own authority. And it hasnt taken children long to get wind of the fact. In addition to the great modern classics on child-care, there are countless articles in magazines and newspapers. With so much unsolicited advice flying about, mum and dad just dont know what to do any more. In the end, they d
28、o nothing at all. $o, from early childhood, the kids are in charge and parents lives are regulated according to the needs of their offspring. When the little dears develop into teenagers, they take complete control. Lax authority over the years makes adolescent rebellion against parents all the more
29、 violent. If the young people are going to have a party, for instance, parents are asked to leave the house. Their presence merely spoils the fun. What else can the poor parents do but obey?Children are hardy creatures (far hardier than the psychologists would have us believe) and most of them survi
30、ve the harmful influence of extreme permissiveness which is the normal condition in the modern household. But a great many do not. The spread of juvenile delinquency in our own age is largely due to parental laxity. Mother, believing that little Johnny can look after himself, is not at home when he
31、returns from school, so little Johnny roams the streets. The dividing-line between permissiveness and sheer negligence is very fine indeed.The psychologists have much to answer for. They should keep their mouths shut and let parents get on with the job. And if children are knocked about a little bit
32、 in the process, it may not really matter too much. At least this will help them to develop vigorous views of their own and give them something positive to react against. Perhaps theres some truth in the idea that children who have had a surfeit of happiness in their childhood appear like stodgy pud
33、dings and fail to make a success of life.26 What is implied in the first sentence?（A）There is no defense for Victorian attitude.（B） Freud advice leaves children running wild.（C） Parents cannot be too strict with their children.（D）Child-care books prove outdated and harmful.27 The author asserts that
34、 in the face of excessive amounts of child-care literature, parents are（A）at a loss.（B） on the alert.（C） under fire.（D）in the dark.28 What does the author wants to illustrate with Johnny roaming the streets?（A）An instance of arbitrariness.（B） A consequence of permissiveness.（C） A prototype of classi
35、cs.（D）An example of irresponsibility.29 From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that children who enjoy all-important happiness will（A）stay away from the harmful influence of extreme permissiveness.（B） fall victim to deep psychological wounds they experience at childhood.（C） give full pl
36、ay to the development of the vigorous views of their own.（D）grow up to be more psychologically immature and irresponsible adults.30 It seems that the author is most critical of（A）social educators authority.（B） children rebellion.（C） psychologists misguidance.（D）parents confusion.30 Florence Nighting
37、ale is most remembered as a pioneer of nursing and a reformer of hospital sanitation methods. For most of her ninety years, Nightingale pushed for reform of the British military health-care system and with that the profession of nursing started to gain the respect it deserved. Unknown to many, howev
38、er, was her use of new techniques, of statistical analysis, such as during the Crimean War when she plotted the incidence of preventable deaths in the military. She developed a method to prevent the needless deaths caused by unsanitary conditions and the need for reform. With her analysis, Florence
39、Nightingale revolutionized the idea that social phenomena could be objectively measured and subjected to mathematical analysis. She was an innovator in the collection, interpretation, and display of statistics.Florence Nightingales two greatest life achievements-pioneering of nursing and the reform
40、of hospitals-were amazing considering that most Victorian women of her age group did not attend universities or pursue professional careers. It was her father, William Nightingale, who believed women, especially his children, should get an education. So Nightingale and her sister learned Italian, La
41、tin, Greek, history, and mathematics. She in particular received excellent early preparation in mathematics.During Nightingales time at Scutari, she collected data and systematized record-keeping practices. Nightingale was able to use the data as a tool for improving city and military hospitals. Nig
42、htingales calculations of the death rate showed that with an improvement of sanitary methods, deaths would decrease. In February, 1855, the death rate at the hospital was 42.7 percent of the cases treated. When Nightingales sanitary reform was implemented, the death rate declined. Nightingale took h
43、er statistical data and represented them graphically.As Nightingale demonstrated, statistics provided an organized way of learning and lead to improvements in medical and surgical practices. She also developed a Model Hospital Statistical Form for hospitals to collect and generate consistent data an
44、d statistics. She became a Fellow of the Royal Statistical Society in 1858 and an honorary member of the American Statistical Association in 1874. Karl Pearson acknowledged Nightingale as a “prophetess“ in the development of applied statistics.31 What does the word “sanitation“ mean in the passage?（
45、A）Medication.（B） Cleanness.（C） Nursing.（D）Reforms32 What does this passage talk about Nightingale?（A）As a pioneer of nursing.（B） As a reformer of hospital sanitation methods.（C） As a successful woman.（D）As a innovator of statistical analysis in hospitals.33 What can be inferred about the women livin
46、g in the same era as Nightingale?（A）They chose to stay at home after graduating from colleges and universities.（B） They tended to choose courses in Italian, Latin, Greek, history and so on.（C） They seldom chose mathematics as their course.（D）They did not have a equal education opportunities with men
47、 as they do today.34 Where did Nightingale prove her method could really reduce the death rates?（A）Scutari.（B） Victorian.（C） Crimean.（D）Royal Statistical Society.35 What does the author try to prove in this passage?（A）Women can be as successful as men.（B） Education plays a vital role in ones success
48、.（C） Mathematics could be used to improve medical practices.（D）A career in medical field is also available for women.36 Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Net choice, but habit rules
49、 the unreflecting herd,“ William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit“ carries a negative implication.So it seems paradoxical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.Rather than dismissin
