1、考研英语（一）模拟试卷 103 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 1 Space is a dangerous place, not only because of meteors(流星) but also (1)_ rays from the sun and other stars. The atmosphere again
2、(2)_ as our protective blanket on earth. Lightgets through, and this is essential for plants to (3)_ the food which we eat. Heat, too, makes our environment endurable. Various kinds of rays come through the air (4)_ outer space, but enormous quantities of radiation from the sun are (5)_ off. As soon
3、 as men leave the atmosphere they are (6)_ to this radiation, but their space suits or the walls of their spacecraft, if they are inside, (7)_ prevent a lot of radiation damage. (8)_ is the greatest known danger to explorers in space. The unit of radiation is called “rem“. Scientists have (9)_ to th
4、ink that a man can (10)_ far more radiation than 0.1 ram without being damaged: the figure of 60 rems has been agreed on. The trouble is that it is extremely difficult to make (11)_ about radiation damagea person may feel perfectly well, (12)_ the cells of his or her sex organs may be damaged, and t
5、his will (13)_ be discovered until the birth of deformed children or even grandchildren. Missions of the Apollo flights have had to cross belts of high radiation and during the outward and return journeys, the Apollo crew (14)_ a large amount of rems. So far; no (15)_ amounts of radiation have been
6、reported, but the Apollo missions have been quite short. We simply do not know yet how men are. going to (16)_ when they spend weeks and months outside the (17)_ of the atmosphere, (18)_ in a space laboratory. Drugs might help to (19)_ the damage done by radiation, but no really (20)_ ones have been
7、 found so far.（A）the（B） with（C） because of（D）dangerous（A）uses（B） acts（C） treats（D）floats（A）offer（B） provide（C） make（D）obtain（A）from（B） into（C） off（D）by（A）defended（B） prevented（C） postponed（D）screened（A）invulnerable（B） vicious（C） ineffective（D）exposed（A）do（B） to（C） they（D）who（A）exposure（B） radiation（
8、C） rays（D）flying（A）reason（B） it（C） that（D）more（A）receive（B） put up with（C） cope（D）put off（A）right（B） sure（C） understandable（D）wise（A）when（B） furthermore（C） but（D）even（A）yet（B） still（C） nor（D）continuously（A）accumulated（B） assembled（C） contained（D）gathered（A）large（B） enormous（C） poisonous（D）dangerous（
9、A）move along（B） stay alive（C） get on（D）come back（A）guard（B） cover（C） layer（D）protection（A）flying（B） working（C） trapping（D）staying（A）stop（B） remove（C） decrease（D）eliminate（A）useful（B） effective（C） purposeful（D）efficientGrammar21 Its vital that enough money_to fund the project.（A）be collected（B） must
10、be collected（C） is collected（D）can be collected22 Whatever the causes, English by the end of the year 2050 will have been more widely spoken and written than any other language_.（A）ever was（B） had ever been（C） would ever be（D）has ever been23 Mr. White works with a chemicals import and export company
11、, but he_for this industrial fair, since he is on leave.（A）has worked（B） works（C） has been working（D）is working24 Professor Johnson is said_some significant advance in his research in the past year.（A）having made（B） making（C） to have made（D）to make25 There are signs_restaurants are becoming more pop
12、ular with families.（A）that（B） which（C） in which（D）whose26 We grow all our own fruit and vegetables, _saves money, of course.（A）which（B） as（C） that（D）what27 America will never again have as a nation the spirit of adventure as it_before the West was settled.（A）could（B） was（C） would（D）did28 The teacher
13、 doesnt permit_ in class.（A）smoke（B） smoking（C） to smoke（D）to have a smoke29 As Commander-in-chief of the armed forces, I have directed that all measures_for our defense.（A）be taken（B） would be taken（C） to be taken（D）had been taken30 _, our next step is to determine how to carry it out.（A）The plan h
14、aving been made（B） Making the plan（C） The plan being made（D）Having made the planPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)30 The city, Rousseau once suggested, is “the abyss of the human species. “And while that judgmen
15、t represents a fairly 18th century view of the unpleasant industrial life, present examples dont necessarily dispute it. Many metropolitan areas have developed into dense grids of humanity surrounded by soulless office parks and a few nice, leafy streets.Yet this, according to Edward Glaeser, can be
16、 a good thing. Triumph of the City, the Harvard University economics professors deeply researched manifesto on the importance of urban life to, among other things, business and innovation, suggests the most important investment in any city is human capitalor, more simply, population. His book convin
17、cingly argues that concentrated populations can have “magical consequences. “ A steady infusion of human capital helped transform New York City from a manufacturing hub into the worlds financial capital.Millions of Americans embrace the suburbs because they offer affordable housing, better schools,
18、and decent-sized backyards. However, Glaeser also believes the growth of suburbia typifies a nearsighted view of conservation. All that air-conditioning and driving comes at a cost. The environmentalists whove worked for laws that make it impossible to build in temperate regions have insidiously pus
19、hed the sprawl to some growing southern district -along the way facilitating a carbon emissions nightmare.However, Glaeser isnt out to attack the suburban life; instead, hes hoping to increase the number of options. He points out that many cities to a large extent are fast becoming provinces for the
20、 truly wealthy. Middle-class strivers have to take the commuter train home. Glaesers solution is simple: Where land is scarce, density becomes vital. Cities that cannot build out must build up. Freed from restrictive regulations, Glaeser notes Houston has built up and out to become the fourth-larges
21、t city in the U. S. Owing mainly to affordable housing and the availability of jobs, an average family in high-density Houston is much better off than a comparable one in Queens or Staten Island.In Glaesers appraisal, cities must also aim for a sweet spot that combines good public schools and non-pr
22、ohibitive zoning policies. From Bangalore to Vancouver, educational institutions and the freedom to build help produce the kind of successful hubs that attract human capital. Human capital makes reinvention possible but complicated. Detroit, Glaeser argues, suffered from too much specialization: Hug
23、e integrated car companies crowded out other ideas that could have fostered valuable results long before disaster struck the Big Three.The authors prescription for Detroit, is to “shrink to greatness“ by searching for fresh advantages. Glaeser believes cities are about people, not places or building
24、s. Does it make economic sense to resurrect Detroit when the cost of building a house is greater than the reward from selling it? It could have been cheaper, he notes, to hand every household in New Orleans $200,000 after Hurricane Katrina rather than pump vast quantities of public money into rebuil
25、ding a city of diminishing economic significance.Glaeser may be right. As the latest U. S. Census figures prove, the citys capital is disappearing in droves.31 The word “abyss“(Line Para. 1)most probably means “_“.（A）very threatening situation（B） densely-populated region（C） highly-industrialized are
26、a（D）quite splendid place32 According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, Glaeser most probably agrees_.（A）concentrated populations hinder the development of cities（B） city pollution is posing a threat to surrounding suburbs（C） suburbs develop at the expenses of environment（D）environmentalists are wrong in opposi
27、ng building in temperate areas33 It is indicated in Paragraph 5 that human capital_.（A）invites constant conflicts with small companies（B） can produce negative effect in city reinvention（C） often suffer from over-specialization（D）can help huge companies avert disasters34 New Orleans is cited as an ex
28、ample of cities_.（A）searching actively for fresh advantages（B） failing to weigh rebuilding risks against returns（C） focusing on people instead of buildings（D）responding effectively to economic depression35 Toward Glaesers opinion on city, the authors attitude is one of_.（A）appreciation（B） indifferen
29、ce（C） skepticism（D）disapproval36 In 1929 John D. Rockefeller decided it was time to sell shares when even a shoe-shine boy offered him a share tip. During the past week The Economists economics editor has been advised by a taxi driver, a plumber and a hairdresser that “you cant go wrong“ investing i
30、n housingthe more you own the better. Is this a sign that it is time to get out? At the very least, as house prices around the world climb to ever loftier heights, and more and more people jump on to the buy-to-let ladder, it is time to expose some of the fallacies regularly trotted out by so many s
31、elf-appointed housing experts.One common error is that house prices must continue to rise because of a limited supply of land. For instance, it is argued that “house prices will always rise in London because lots of people want to live here“. But this confuses the level of prices with their rate of
32、change. Home prices are bound to be higher in big cities because of land scarcity, but this does not guarantee that urban house prices will keep rising indefinitely-just look at Tokyos huge price-drops since 1990. And, though it is true that a fixed supply of homes may push up house prices if the po
33、pulation is rising, this would imply a steady rise in prices, not the 20% annual jumps of recent years.A second flawed argument is that low interest rates make buying a home cheaper, and so push up demand and prices. Lower interest rates may have allowed some people, who otherwise could not have aff
34、orded a mortgage, to buy a home. But many borrowers who think mortgages are cheaper are suffering from money illusion.Interest rates are not very low in real, inflation-adjusted terms. Initial interest payments may seem low in relation to income, but because inflation is also low it will not erode t
35、he real burden of debt as swiftly as it once did. So in later years mortgage payments will be much larger in real terms. To argue that low nominal interest rates make buying a home cheaper is like arguing that a car loan paid off over four years is cheaper than one repaid over two years.Fallacy numb
36、er three is a favourite claim of Alan Greenspan, chairman of Americas Federal Reserve. This is that price bubbles are less likely in housing than in the stockmarket because higher transaction costs discourage speculation. In fact, several studies have shown that both in theory and in practice bubble
37、s are more likely in housing than in shares. A study by the IMF finds that a sharp rise in house prices is far more likely to be followed by a bust than is a share-price boom.36 The term “fallacies“ (Line 6, Paragraph 1) most probably means _.（A）ridiculous strategies（B） obsolete methodologies（C） mis
38、taken beliefs（D）far-fetched assertions37 What is the relationship between the opening paragraph and the rest of the text?（A）The deadly sins are singled out in the first paragraph and then denied by the author of the text.（B） A generalization is made in the opening paragraph and elaborated in the fol
39、lowing paragraphs.（C） The unusual anecdotes are quoted in the first paragraph and then articulated in the following paragraphs.（D）A generalization is advanced in the opening paragraph and refuted in the following paragraphs.38 The author of the text makes a comparison in _.（A）Paragraph 4（B） concludi
40、ng paragraph（C） Paragraph 2（D）opening paragraph39 The views of Alan Greenspan and the author of the text on price bubbles are _.（A）complementary（B） identical（C） opposite（D）similar40 To which of the following is author likely to agree?（A）It is time to illustrate some popular fallacies about buying a
41、home.（B） Some popular flawed arguments about buying a home should be made known to the public for the time being.（C） People should be punctual in business dealings of shares and housing.（D）Alan Greenspans claim can hold water with respect to fallacy member three.41 Prices are sky high, with profits
42、to match. But looking further ahead, the industry faces wrenching change, says an expert of energy.“The time when we could count on cheap oil and even cheaper natural gas is clearly ending. That was the gloomy forecast delivered in February by Dave OReilly, the chairman of Chevron Texaco, to hundred
43、s of oilmen gathered for a conference in Houston. The following month, Venezuelas President Hugo Chavez gleefully echoed the sentiment: “The world should forget about cheap oil.“The surge in oil prices, from $10 a barrel in 1998 to above $50 in early 2005, has prompted talk of a new era of sustained
44、 higher prices. But whenever a “new era“ in oil is hailed, scepticism is in order. After all, this is essentially a cyclical business in which prices habitually yo-yo. Even so, an unusually loud chorus is now joining Messrs OReilly and Chavez, pointing to intriguing evidence of a new “price floor“ o
45、f $30 or perhaps even $40. Confusingly, though, there are also signs that high oil prices may be caused by a speculative bubble that could burst quite suddenly. To see which camp is right, two questions need answering: why did the oil price soar? And what could keep it high?To make matters more comp
46、licated, there is in fact no such thing as a single “oil price“: rather, there are dozens of varieties of crude trading at different prices. When newspapers write about oil prices, they usually mean one of two reference crudes: Brent from the North Sea, or West Texas Intermediate (WTI). But when min
47、isters from the Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC discuss prices, they usually refer to a basket of heavier cartel crudes, which trade at a discount to WTI and Brent. All oil prices mentioned in this survey are per barrel of WTI.The recent volatility in prices is only one of se
48、veral challenges facing the oil industry. Although at first sight Big Oil seems to be in rude health, posting record profits, this survey will argue that the western oil majors will have their work cut out to cope with the rise of resource nationalism, which threatens to choke off access to new oil
49、reserves. This is essential to replace their existing reserves, which are rapidly declining. They will also have to respond to efforts by governments to deal with oils serious environmental and geopolitical side-effects. Together, these challenges could yet wipe out the oil majors.41 Dave OReilly and Hugo Chavez believe that（A）prices of oil and natural gas are very high.（B） prices of oil an
