1、考研英语（一）模拟试卷 107 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 1 The problem to be taken up and the point at which the search for a solution will begin are customarily prescribed by the investiga
2、tor (1)_ a subject participating in an (2)_ on thinking (or by the programmer for a computer). (3)_, prevailing techniques of (4)_ in the psychology of thinking have invited (5)_ of the motivational aspects of thinking. The conditions that determine when the person will begin to think in (6)_ to som
3、e other activity, what he will think about, what direction his thinking will take, and when he will regard his search for a solution as successfully terminated (or abandon it as not worth pursuing further) (7)_ are beginning to attract investigation. (8)_ much thinking is aimed at (9)_ ends, special
4、 motivational problems are raised by “disinterested“ thinking, in which the (10)_ of an answer to a question is a source of satisfaction in itself.For computer specialists, the detection of a mismatch between the formula that the program so far has (11)_ and some formula or set of requirements that
5、(12)_ a solution is what impels continuation of the search and determines the direction it will (13)_.Neo-behaviorists (like psychoanalysts) have made much of secondary (14)_ value and stimulus generalization; i. e., the tendency of a stimulus pattern to become a source of satisfaction if it resembl
6、es or has (15)_ accompanied some form of biological gratification. The insufficiency of this kind of explanation becomes apparent, (16)_, when the importance of novelty, surprise, complexity, incongruity, ambiguity, and (17)_ is considered. Inconsistency between beliefs, between items of incoming se
7、nsory information, or between ones belief and an item of sensory information (18)_ can be a source of discomfort impelling a (19)_ for resolution through reorganization of belief (20)_ or through selective acquisition of new information.（A）for（B） into（C） with（D）by（A）procedure（B） experiment（C） progra
8、m（D）adventure（A）However（B） Consequently（C） Thus（D）Simultaneously（A）encounter（B） obligation（C） insight（D）inquiry（A）consideration（B） discovery（C） question（D）neglect（A）respect（B） preference（C） response（D）return（A）rarely（B） particularly（C） barely（D）definitely（A）Although（B） Since（C） Unless（D）Provided（A）n
9、ormal（B） practical（C） plausible（D）terminal（A）process（B） recognition（C） prediction（D）discovery（A）created（B） contributed（C） donated（D）produced（A）demand（B） define（C） defend（D）detect（A）follow（B） bring（C） stimulate（D）characterize（A）pressure（B） emphasis（C） reward（D）profit（A）obviously（B） subsequently（C） fr
10、equently（D）commonly（A）though（B） however（C） moreover（D）therefore（A）popularity（B） publicity（C） difficulty（D）uncertainty（A）broadly（B） evidently（C） distinctly（D）confusedly（A）search（B） wish（C） plea（D）talent（A）devices（B） structures（C） systems（D）conceptsGrammar21 _for my illness, I would have lent him a he
11、lping hand.（A）Not being（B） Had it not been（C） Without being（D）Not having been22 Not until I shouted at the top of my voice_his head.（A）that he turned（B） did he turn（C） he didnt turn（D）he had turned23 Jack never dreams of_for him to be sent abroad to study very soon.（A）being a chance（B） there being a
12、 chance（C） there to be a chance（D）there be a chance24 _plastics, the machine is light in weight.（A）Made of（B） Having made with（C） To make of（D）To be made of25 It is not easy to give away money_it is to make money.（A）as（B） more than（C） as much as（D）any more than26 You should practise_ English as much
13、 as possible.（A）speak（B） speaking（C） to speak（D）being spoken27 Some people hope, the rains will return and ease the hardship_the peasants of Northern China.（A）faced（B） faces（C） facing（D）to face28 I really appreciate_to help me, but I am sure that I will be able to manage by myself.（A）you to offer（B）
14、 your offering（C） that you offer（D）that you are offering29 _that he accepted the job.（A）It was very reluctant（B） Very reluctantly was it（C） It was very reluctandy（D）It being very reluctantly30 He didnt_me for returning his money that I found.（A）so much as thank（B） so much as to thank（C） as much as t
15、hanking（D）so much as thankingPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)30 For years, digital news conformed to one section of the 1984 prophecy of the technology guru Stewart Brand that “information wants to be free bec
16、ause the cost of getting it out is getting lower. “ Now, it is relying on his other, lesser-known maxim that “information wants to be expensive because its so valuable. The right information in the right place just changes your life. “As paywalls go up, and advertising yields continue to fall, publi
17、shers have pinned their hopes on subscriptions. Some suggest that it is a breach of publishers moral obligation to make news freely accessible because it is a public good.I dont see why publishers have an ethical duty not to charge for the content they originate. Free news is a recent phenomenon. Ne
18、wspaper publishers always charged readers, albeit a small amount compared with the cost of newsgathering. Furthermore, nothing will change the fact that people have access to far more information than before the internet. News cannot be patented - once information is uncovered, it spreads rapidly ac
19、ross Twitter and Facebook, and is repeated by rivals and aggregators.Yet the trend is clear. Most of the top US newspapers have a paywall in place, or are planning one. The financial model for print newspapers that most revenues came from advertising, with subscriptions and news-stand prices making
20、up the rest does not work online. The double-digit increase in online advertising revenues in the early 2000s has slowed to the low single figures, as growing traffic is mostly offset by falling advertising yields. With hindsight, it is blindingly obvious that when the space for advertising expands
21、as it did hugely with the shift from print to online prices fall. For a long time, this evaded news publishers, who lived in the vain hope that they could rely more on advertising in the online world, rather than less. Papers such as the FT and the New York Times have reversed that tactic the NYTs c
22、irculation revenues now exceed those from advertising. Thus, news is increasingly being paid for by affluent individuals the average household income of NYT subscribers is about $100, 000 or produced as part of a corporate service, such as Bloomberg News and Thomson Reuters.Should we be worried? The
23、 risk is that news will become slanted in the interests of corporations and the wealthy. So far, there isnt much sign of that. The news organisations best placed to prosper from the shift Bloomberg, Reuters, the FT, the Wall Street Journal, The Economist have high standards. Indeed, the shift toward
24、s subscriptions could raise editorial standards, rather than lowering them. Free sites that need to boost page views to gain advertising have an incentive to go downmarket with more gossip and celebrity news; the ones that rely more on subscriptions have the reverse incentive.But the fading era of a
25、dvertising-subsidised newspapers and free-to-air television was at least democratic. At relatively low cost, everyone could be well informed. In the future, the information superhighway will have both fast and slow lanes.31 Steward Brands two maxims are quoted to show that_.（A）digital news nowadays
26、cost less than printed news（B） the current news price doesnt conform to its value（C） the worth of online information has been enhanced greatly（D）the charge of online news has experienced great changes32 On which of the following would the author agree, according to Paragraphs 2 and 3?（A）News media o
27、ught to make news freely accessible.（B） Newspapers should lower their subscription prices.（C） Charging online news has little impact on the availability of news.（D）Online content should be treated as patentable items.33 The trend of setting up paywalls is mainly driven by the fact that_.（A）traffic g
28、rowth is slowing down（B） online advertising prices are dropping（C） advertising is shifting from print to online（D）the number of wealthy readers is increasing34 A possible effect of news subscription is that .（A）paid news will bias towards the rich（B） paid news will be of higher quality（C） free news
29、will lose their market share（D）free news will be improved in their taste35 The authors attitude towards online news charging can be best described as_.（A）enthusiastically favorable（B） basically supportive（C） profoundly worried（D）deeply regretful35 As summer rolls around, lawmakers in Washington are
30、preparing to vote on a jobs bill that would include $1 billion for summer jobs for teens. Much of the urgency for the program stems from the private-sector plunge in summer jobs for teenagers over the past few years. Its no secret that the recession walloped teens jobs as much as it did their parent
31、s. But some economists find the clamor for public jobs programs a little ironic, given last years midrecession minimum wage increase, which may have reduced teen employment even beyond the recessionary drop. Before the minimum wage jumped to $ 7.25 an hour last summer, University of California-Irvin
32、e economist David Neumark estimated that it would lead to an additional 300 000 job losses for teens and young adults. The 2009 wage increase was set in motion in a better labor market in May 2007, when Congress voted to boost the minimum from $ 5.15 an hour to $ 7.25 an hour over the course of the
33、next two years. Its hard to parse the jobs lost because of the recession and those lost because of the minimum wage increase-theres no direct evaluation of the impact of the wage increase yet-but its likely that raising the wage floor contributed to the record-high teen unemployment rates, Neumark s
34、ays. “Almost everyone accepts that minimum wages decrease employment or likely increase unemployment of the least-skilled,“ he says. Neumark advocated for delaying last years increase. The unemployment rate for teenagers was 25.4 percent in April, compared with 9.9 percent overall, according to the
35、Bureau of Labor Statistics. Teens generally have higher unemployment rates. In November 2007, the month before the start of the recession, the unemployment rate for the overall population was 4. 7 percent, versus 16. 2 percent for workers aged 16 to 19. Teen employment has been declining for some ti
36、me. The percentage of teens with jobs has fallen from about 57 percent in 1989 to about 40 percent in 2007 (both dates reflect healthy economies). The reasons are diverse. For one thing, increased school enrollment appears to account for about a third of that decline, according to the Economic Polic
37、y Institute. “For teens, there has been a remarkable long-term shift from summer employment to summer enrollment,“ reports EPI economist Heidi Shierholz. One of the critical issues for job-seeking teens is the changing face of the competition, which is increasingly skilled. “Not only are they compet
38、ing with each other for available positions, but they are competing with recent college graduates and job seekers who have two or more years of on-the-job experience and are willing to take almost any position that provides a steady paycheck,“ says John Challenger of outplacement firm Challenger, Gr
39、ay Christmas. 36 The word “walloped“ (Line 3, Paragraph 1) most probably means “_“.（A）decreased（B） affected（C） increased（D）hit 37 Why is it hard to analyze the jobs lost?（A）Because theres no data showing the impact of the wage increase.（B） Because the minimum wages decrease employment rates.（C） Beca
40、use there are some unstable factors.（D）Because summer employment has shifted to summer enrollment. 38 The most important thing for job-seeking teens is_.（A）having one or more years of on-the-job experience（B） raising the wage floor（C） having a new perspective on competition（D）making a good curriculu
41、m vitae 39 What is the main idea of the text?（A）Economic recession would lead to an additional job losses.（B） Washington votes on a jobs bill for increasing teenagers summer jobs.（C） The increase in teen unemployment rates is attributed to the combination of the recession and other factors.（D）Raisin
42、g the wage floor contributed to the high teen unemployment rates. 40 We can infer that John Challengers attitude towards job-hunting is _.（A）optimistic（B） indifferent（C） neutral（D）worried 41 It vanished in 2002, a result of a bad fall. As my neurosurgeon explained, when my head hit the ground, my br
43、ain sloshed around, which smashed delicate nerve endings in my olfactory system. Maybe theyll repair themselves, she said (in what struck me as much too casual a tone), and maybe they wont. If I had to lose something, it might as well have been smell; at least nothing about my personality or my memo
44、ry had changed, as can happen with head trauma. So it seemed almost churlish to feel, as the months went on, so devastated by this particular loss.But I was heartbroken. My sense of smell was always something I took pleasure in. Without scent, I felt as ff I were walking around the city without my c
45、ontact lenses, dealing with people while wearing earplugs, moving through something sticky and thick. The sharpness of things, their specificity, diminished. I couldnt even tell when the milk had gone bad. Oddly, my sense of taste remained perfectly fine, but I was still nervous about opening a cart
46、on of yogurt without having someone nearby to sniff it for me. I had been stripped of the sense we all use, often without realizing it, to negotiate the world, to know which things are safe and which are dangerous.After nearly a year, I talked to a colleague savvying about neuro-science, who suggest
47、ed I try to retrain my sense of smell on the assumption that the nerve endings had repaired themselves but that something was still broken along the pathway from nose to brain, where odor molecules activate olfactory receptors (the subject of this years Nobel-winning research). Her advice was to exp
48、ose myself to strong, distinctive fragrances, asking the person I was with to tell me exactly what I was smelling even if I wasnt conscious of smelling anything at all.I began sticking my nose into everything that seemed likely to have a scentthe cumin in the spice cabinet, freshly ground coffee, re
49、d wine. I interrupted friends midsentence if we happened to be walking past a pizza place or a garbage truck and asked, stupidly, “What are you smelling now?“Slowly, the smell therapy started to work. At first, distressingly, all I could smell were unnatural scents: dandruff shampoo, furniture polish, a cloud of after-shave from a stocky young man. The first time I smelled cut g
