1、考研英语（一）模拟试卷 11 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 0 In 1999, the price of oil hovered around $ 16 a barrel. By 2008, it had【C1】_the $ 100 a barrel mark. The reasons for the surge【C2】_
2、from the dramatic growth of the economies of China and India to widespread【C3】_in oil-producing regions, including Iraq and Nigerias delta region. Triple-digit oil prices have【C4】_the economic and political map of the world, 【C5】_some old notions of power. Oil-rich nations are enjoying historic gain
3、s and opportunities, 【C6】 _major importers including China and India, home to a third of the worlds population 【C7】_rising economic and social costs.Managing this new order is fast becoming a central【C8】_of global politics. Countries that need oil are clawing at each other to【C9】_scarce supplies, an
4、d are willing to deal with any government, 【C10】_how unpleasant, to do it.In many poor nations with oil, the profits are being, lost to corruption, 【C11 】_these countries of their best hope for development. And oil is fueling enormous investment funds run by foreign governments, 【C12】_some in the we
5、st see as a new threat.Countries like Russia, Venezuela and Iran are well supplied with rising oil【C13 】_a change reflected in newly aggressive foreign policies. But some unexpected countries are reaping benefits, 【C14】_costs, from higher prices. Consider Germany. 【C15】_it imports virtually all its
6、oil, it has prospered from extensive trade with a booming Russia and the Middle East. German exports to Russia【C16】_128 percent from 2001 to 2006.In the United States, as already high gas prices rose【C17】_higher in the spring of 2008, the issue cropped up in the presidential campaign, with Senators
7、McCain and Obama【C18 】_for a federal gas tax holiday during the peak summer driving months. And driving habits began to【C19 】_as sales of small cars jumped and mass transport systems【C20】_the country reported a sharp increase in riders.1 【C1 】（A）come（B） gone（C） crossed（D）arrived2 【C2 】（A）covered（B）
8、discovered（C） arranged（D）ranged3 【C3 】（A）intensity（B） infinity（C） insecurity（D）instability4 【C4 】（A）drawn（B） redrawn（C） retained（D）reviewed5 【C5 】（A）fighting（B） struggling（C） challenging（D）threatening6 【C6 】（A）and（B） while（C） thus（D）though7 【C7 】（A）confine（B） conflict（C） conform（D）confront8 【C8 】（A）
9、problem（B） question（C） matter（D）event9 【C9 】（A）look for（B） lock up（C） send out（D）keep off10 【C10 】（A）no matter（B） what if（C） only if（D）in spite of11 【C11 】（A）abolishing（B） depriving（C） destroying（D）eliminating12 【C12 】（A）what（B） that（C） which（D）whom13 【C13 】（A）interests（B） taxes（C） incomes（D）revenue
10、s14 【C14 】（A）as many as（B） as good as（C） as far as（D）as well as15 【C15 】（A）Although（B） Because（C） Since（D）As16 【C16 】（A）advanced（B） grew（C） reduces（D）multiplied17 【C17 】（A）even（B） still（C） rather（D）fairly18 【C18 】（A）asking（B） requesting（C） calling（D）demanding19 【C19 】（A）change（B） turn（C） shift（D）tra
11、nsform20 【C20 】（A）for（B） from（C） across（D）overPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)20 Most towns up to Elizabethan times were smaller than a modern village, and each of them was built a-round its weekly market wher
12、e local produce was brought for sale and the town folks sold their work to the people from the countryside and provided them with refreshment for the day. Trade was virtually confined to that one day even in a town of a thousand or so people. On market days craftsmen put up their stalls in the open
13、air whilst on one or two other days during the week the townsman would pack up his loaves, or nails, or cloth, and set out early to do a days trade in the market of an adjoining town where, however, he would be charged a heavy toll for the privilege and get a less favourable spot for his stand than
14、the local craftsmen. Another chance for him to make a sale was to the congregation gathered for Sunday morning worship. Although no trade was allowed anywhere during the hours of the service (except at annual fair times), after church there would be some trade at the church door with departing count
15、ry folk.The trade of markets was almost wholly concerned with exchanging the products of the nearby countryside and the goods sold in the market but particularly in food retail dealing was distrusted as a kind of profiteering. Even when there was enough trade being done to afford a livelihood to an
16、enterprising man ready to buy wholesale and sell retail, town authorities were reluctant to allow it.Yet there were plainly people who were tempted to “forestall the market“ by buying goods outside it, and to “regrate“ them, that is to resell them, at a higher price. The constantly repeated rules ag
17、ainst these practices and the endlessly recurring prosecutions mentioned in the records of all the larger towns prove that some well-informed and sharp-witted people did these things.Every town made its own laws and if it was big enough to have craft guilds, these associations would regulate the bus
18、iness of their members and tried to enforce a strict monopoly of their own trades. Yet while the guild leaders, as craftsmen, followed fiercely protectionist policies, at the same time, as leading townsmen, they wanted to see a big, busy market yielding a handsome revenue in various dues and tolls.
19、Conflicts of interest led to endless, minute regulations, changeable, often inconsistent, frequently absurd. There was a time in the fourteenth century, for example, when London fishmongers were not allowed to handle any fish that had not already been exposed for sale for three days by the men who c
20、aught it.21 We know from Paragraph 1 that craftsmen（A）sold all of their goods on market days.（B） could sell their goods during Sunday morning services.（C） could do trades in neighbour towns freely.（D）didnt have chance to do trades every day.22 Craftsmen might prefer to trade in their own town becaus
21、e（A）there they could easily find good refreshment.（B） there they could work in the open air.（C） there they could start work very early.（D）there they could have the well-placed stalls.23 In medieval markets, there was little retail trade because（A）money was never used in sales.（B） producers sold dire
22、ctly to consumers.（C） there was not enough trade being done.（D）town authorities were unwilling to make a profit.24 The expression “forestall the market“(Line 1, Para. 3) probably means（A）to buy goods from a stall outside the market place.（B） to acquire goods in quantity before the market.（C） to have
23、 the best and the first stall in the market.（D）to sell at a higher price than competitors.25 It is suggested in the last paragraph that craft guilds（A）enforced regulations that were unfair and unreasonable.（B） enforced regulations in the interest of the customers.（C） regulated the business of their
24、town to profit the craftsmen.（D）were developed to forbid the monopoly.25 Charles Darwin wed his cousin Emma and spawned 10 children, including four brilliant scientists. Albert Einsteins second wife Elsa was his first cousin. Queen Victoria said “I do“ to hers. So have millions worldwide. In parts o
25、f Saudi Arabia, 39% of all marriages are between first cousins.In the U. S., though, the practice bears a stigma of inbreeding just this side of incest. The taboo is not only social but legislative; 24 states ban the marriage of first cousins: five others allow it only if the couple is unable to bea
26、r children. A major reason for this ban is the belief that kids of first cousins are tragically susceptible to serious congenital illnesses.That view may have to change. A comprehensive study published recently in the Journal of Genetic Counseling indicates such children run an only slightly higher
27、risk of significant genetic disorders like congenital heart defects about two percentage points above the average 3% to 4%. Says the studys lead author, Robin Bennett, president-elect of the National Society of Genetic Counselors, which funded the study: “Aside from a thorough medical family history
28、, there is no need to offer any genetic testing on the basis of coasanguinity alone. “Publication of the study will do more than tweak public awareness; it will enlighten doctors who have urged cousin couples not to have children. “Just this week, “ says Bennett, “I saw a 23-year-old woman who had h
29、ad a tubal ligation because her parents were cousins and her doctor told her she shouldnt have children. “The American proscription against cousin marriages grew in the 19th century as wilderness settlers tried to distinguish themselves from the “savage“ Indians, says Martin, author of the book Forb
30、idden Relatives: The American Myth of Cousin Marriage. “ The truth is that Europeans were marrying their cousins and Native Americans were not. “And doesnt God have stern words on the subject? Christie Smith, 37, a Nevada writer, says she felt guilty when she fell in love with her first cousins son
31、Mark. “I was trying so hard to convince myself not to have these feelings, “ she recalls, “that I went to the Bible looking for confirmation that it was wrong. And what I found was the exact opposite: support for cousin marriages. “ The patriarch Jacob married two of his first cousins, Rachel and Le
32、ah. Smith married Mark in 1999.The medical ban is lifted; the social stain may take longer to disappear.26 It is suggested in Paragraph 1 and 2 that the cousin marriage（A）resembles incest in nature.（B） puts cousin couples to shame.（C） always causes serious genetic disorders.（D）is a common phenomenon
33、 across the world.27 Which of the following is true of the study published in the Journal of Genetic Counseling?（A）It suggests kids of first cousins suffer from heart defects.（B） It was funded by its lead author Robin Bennett.（C） It will change peoples opinion of cousin marriages.（D）It has lifted th
34、e medical ban and removed the social stain.28 The word “consanguinity“ (Line 5, Para. 3) is closest in meaning to（A）cousin.（B） kinship.（C） congenital.（D）genetic disorders.29 Why did Christie Smith resort to the Bible?（A）Because God has stern words on cousin marriages.（B） Because the Bible supports c
35、ousin marriages.（C） Because she felt guilty falling in love with her cousins son.（D）Because she wanted to know Gods words on cousin marriages.30 It can be inferred from the last paragraph that（A）the ban on cousin marriages is lifted.（B） cousin marriages are permitted again.（C） the prejudice against
36、cousin marriages dies hard.（D）cousin marriages may not be as bad as people think.30 Concrete is probably used more widely than any other substance except water, yet it remains largely unappreciated. “Some people view the 20th century as the atomic age, the space age, the computer age but an argument
37、 can be made that it was the concrete age, “ says cement specialist Hendrik Van Oss. “Its a miracle material.“ Indeed, more than a ton of concrete is produced each year for every man, woman and child on Earth. Yet concrete is generally ignored outside the engineering world, a victim of its own ubiqu
38、ity and the industrys conservative pace of development. Now, thanks to environmental pressures and entrepreneurial innovation, a new generation of concretes is emerging. This high-tech assortment of concrete confections promises to be stronger, lighter, and more environmentally friendly than ever be
39、fore.Concrete is also a climate-change villain. It is made by mixing water with an aggregate, such as sand or gravel, and cement. Cement is usually made by heating limestone and clay to over 2, 500 degrees F. The resulting chemical reaction, along with fuel burned to heat the kiln, produces between
40、7% and 10% of global carbon-dioxide emissions. “When we have to repeatedly regenerate these materials because theyre not durable, we release more emissions, “ says Victor Li who has created a kind of concrete suffused by synthetic fibers that make it stronger, more durable, and able to bend like a m
41、etal. Lis creation does not require reinforcement, a property shared by other concretes that use chemical additives. Using less water makes concrete stronger, but until the development of plasticizers, it also made concrete sticky, dry, and hard to handle, says Christian Meyer, a civil engineering p
42、rofessor at Columbia University.Making stronger concretes, says Li, allows less to be used, reducing waste and giving architects more freedom. “You can have such futuristic designs if you dont have to put rebar in there, or structural beams, “ says Van Oss. A more directly “green“ concrete has been
43、developed by the Australian company TecEco. They add magnesium to their cement, forming a porous concrete that actually scrubs carbon dioxide from the air.While experts agree that these new concretes will someday be widely used, the timetable is uncertain.Concrete companies are responsive to environ
44、mental concerns and are always looking to stretch the utility of their product, but the construction industry is slow to change. “When you start monkeying around with materials, the governing bodies, the building departments, are very cautious before they let you use an unproven material,“ Meyer say
45、s. In the next few decades, says Van Oss, building codes will change, opening the way for innovative materials. But while new concretes may be stronger and more durable, they are also more expensive and whether the tendency of developers and the public to focus on short-term rather than long-term co
46、sts will also change is another matter.31 By saying “it was the concrete age“(Line 3, Para. 1), Van Oss means that（A）the traditional building material concrete is the only man-made miracle.（B） concrete is indispensable in the development of modern construction industry.（C） compared with other invent
47、ions, concrete is more practical and useful.（D）concrete, as a building material, can be mixed with any other materials.32 By saying “a victim of its own ubiquity and the industrys conservative pace of development“(Line 5-6, Para. 1) , the author means that（A）concrete suffers from its widely applicat
48、ion as well as the slow development of building industry.（B） concrete is not appreciated because of its dull color and other drawbacks, with little improvement as a building material.（C） slow progress of building industry does harm to the application and popularity of concrete.（D）concrete is ignored
49、 because it is conventional with little advance in its technology.33 According to the text, concrete is also a “climate-change villain“ mainly because（A）sand or gravel has to be used as an aggregate in the process of mixing.（B） the materials which are used to make concrete are not durable.（C） recycling of concrete is quite difficult when concrete breaks down.（D）chemical reaction in manufacturing cement emits carbon-dioxide world-wide.34 Which of the following
