1、考研英语（一）模拟试卷 136 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 1 What would happen if consumers decided to simplify their lives and spend less on material goods and services? This (1)_ is taking
2、on a certain urgency as rates of economic growth continue to decelerate throughout the industrialized world, and (2)_ millions of consumers appear to be (3)_ for more frugal lifestyle. The Stanford Research Institute, which has done some of the most extensive work on the frugality phenomenon, (4)_ t
3、hat nearly five million American adults number“ (5)_ to and act on some but not all“ of its basic tenets.The frugality phenomenon first achieved prominence as a middle-class (6)_ of high consumption lifestyle in the industrial world during the 50s and 60s. In the Silent Revolution, Ronald Inglehart
4、of the University of Michingans Institute of Social Research examined this (7)_ in the United States and 10 Western European nations. He concluded that a change has taken place “from an (8)_ emphasis on material well-being and physical security (9)_ greater emphasis on the quality of life“, that is,
5、 “a (10)_ from materialism to postmaterialism“.Inglehart calls the 60s the “fat year“. Among their more visible trappings were the ragged blue jeans favored by the affluent young. Most of them (11)_ from materialism; however, this was (12)_ Comfortably fixed Americans were going (13)_, (14)_ making
6、things last longer, sharing things with others, learning to do things for themselves and so on. But (15)_ economically significant, it was hardly (16)_ in a US Gross National Product climbing vigorously toward the $2 thousand billion mark (17)_, as the frugality phenomenon maturedgrowing out of the
7、soaring 80s and into the somber 90sit seemed to undergo a (18)_ transformation. American consumers continued to lose (19)_ in materialism and were being joined by new converts who were (20)_ frugality because of the darkening economic skies they saw ahead.（A）question（B） problem（C） issue（D）dilemma（A）
8、though（B） as（C） much as（D）ever since（A）answering（B） making（C） opting（D）planning（A）predicts（B） discovers（C） demonstrates（D）estimates（A）amount（B） attend（C） lead（D）adhere（A）rejection（B） denial（C） retention（D）defiance（A）adventure（B） maturity（C） experience（D）existence（A）overwhelming（B） imaginary（C） trivi
9、al（D）apparent（A）about（B） toward（C） with（D）for（A）relief（B） variation（C） range（D）shift（A）suffer（B） differ（C） diverge（D）retreat（A）sound（B） subtle（C） superficial（D）obscure（A）without（B） off（C） about（D）with（A）in general（B） in effect（C） for example（D）in a sense（A）when（B） whereas（C） while（D）once（A）decisive（
10、B） discernible（C） incredible（D）negligible（A）Indeed（B） Moreover（C） Therefore（D）However（A）elementary（B） fundamental（C） comprehensive（D）primary（A）faith（B） doubt（C） patience（D）interest（A）accommodating（B） discarding（C） embracing（D）presentingGrammar21 _for many years, the novelist suddenly became famous.（
11、A）Having ignored him（B） To be ignored（C） Having been ignored（D）To have been ignored22 If you have really been studying English for so long, its about time you_able to write letters in English.（A）should be（B） were（C） must be（D）are23 This is an illness that can result in total blindness_left untreated
12、.（A）after（B） if（C） since（D）unless.24 She would have been more agreeable if she had changed a little bit,_?（A）hadnt she（B） hasnt she（C） wouldnt she（D）didnt she25 I think I was at school, _I was staying with a friend during the vacation when I heard the news.（A）even so（B） and then（C） or so（D）or else26
13、 We consider_he should have left without telling anyone beforehand.（A）strange why（B） it strange what（C） it strange that（D）that strange27 John seems a nice person. _, I dont trust him.（A）Even though（B） Even so（C） Therefore（D）Though28 Because of the unexpected changes, they postponed_us an answer.（A）g
14、iving（B） have given（C） to give（D）to have given29 I missed the last bus. I could do nothing but_in the village for the night.（A）to stay（B） stay（C） staying（D）stayed30 _dull he may be, he is certainly a very successful top executive.（A）Although（B） Whatever（C） As（D）HoweverPart ADirections: Read the foll
15、owing four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)30 Commerce has long been at the mercy of the elements. The British East India Company was almost strangled at birth when it lost several of its ships in a storm. But the toll is rising. The world has been so
16、 preoccupied with the man-made catastrophes of subprime mortgages and sovereign debt that it may not have noticed how much economic chaos nature has wreaked. With earthquakes in Japan and New Zealand, floods in Thailand and Australia and tornadoes in America, last year was the costliest on record fo
17、r natural disasters.This trend is not, as is often thought, a result of climate change. There is little evidence that big hurricanes come ashore any more often than, say, a century ago. But disasters now extract a far higher price, for the simple reason that the worlds population and output are beco
18、ming concentrated in vulnerable cities near earthquake faults, on river deltas or along tropical coasts. Those risks will rise as the wealth of Shanghai and Kolkata comes to rival that of London and New York. Meanwhile, interconnected supply chains guarantee that when one region is knocked out by an
19、 earthquake or flood, the reverberations are global.This may sound grim, but the truth is more encouraging. Richer societies may lose more property to disaster but they are also better able to protect their people. Indeed, although the economic toll from disasters has risen, the death toll has not,
20、despite the worlds growing population.The right role for government, then, is not to resist urbanization but to minimize the consequences when disaster strikes. This means, first, getting priorities right. At present, too large a slice of disaster budgets goes on rescue and repair after a tragedy, a
21、nd not enough on consolidating defenses beforehand. Cyclone shelters are useless if they fall into disrepair.Second, government should be fiercer when private individuals and firms, left to pursue their own self-interest, put all of society at risk. For example, in their quest for growth, developers
22、 and local governments have eradicated sand dunes, mangrove swamps, reefs and flood plains that formed natural buffers between people and nature. Preserving or restoring more of this natural capital would make cities more resilient, much as increased financial capital does for the banking system.Thi
23、rd, governments must eliminate the perverse incentives their own policies produce. Politicians are often under pressure to limit the premiums insurance companies can charge. The result is to underprice the risk of living in dangerous areaswhich is one reason that so many expensive homes await the ne
24、xt hurricane on Floridas coast. When governments rebuild homes repeatedly struck by floods and wildfires, they are subsidizing people to live in hazardous places.For their part companies need to operate on the assumption that a disaster will strike at some point. This means preparing contingency pla
25、ns, reinforcing supply chains and even, costly though this might be, having reserve suppliers lined up: there is no point in having a perfectly efficient supply chain if it can be snapped whenever nature takes a turn for the worst. Disasters are inevitable; their consequences need not be.31 From the
26、 first three paragraphs, we know that nowadays natural disasters_.（A）are striking much more frequently than before（B） are causing much heavier casualties than before（C） are incurring much heavier financial loss than before（D）are inflicting more economic chaos than man-made catastrophes32 Which of th
27、e following proverbs can best summarize the authors suggestion to the government in Paragraph 4?（A）Lock the stable door after the horse has been stolen.（B） Repair the house before it rains.（C） Do not put all your eggs in one basket.（D）Sharpen your axe before cutting wood.33 The natural capital in Pa
28、ragraph 5 refers to_.（A）the defense built by human being to prevent natural disasters（B） the barrier formed by natural features to natural disasters（C） the capital that government pour into restoring natural landscapes（D）the capital that banks reserves for relief work after natural disaster34 It can
29、 be inferred from Paragraph 6 that_.（A）if one area was struck by natural disasters once, no habitation should be allowed there any more（B） the government shouldnt lift one policy just because it has some unpredicted side effects（C） people living in hazardous places would rather risk their lives for
30、a high insurance compensation（D）the premium the insurance companies charge is not positively correlated with the risk35 The passage is mainly talking about_.（A）how to limit the damage that natural disasters cause（B） the impact of natural disasters on economy（C） the advances made by the government in
31、 doing relief work（D）the disadvantages of urbanization and global integration36 Scholars and students have always been great travellers. The official case for “academic mobility“ is now often stated in impressive terms as a fundamental necessity for economic and social progress in the world, and deb
32、ated in the corridors of Europe, but it is certainly nothing new. Serious students were always ready to go abroad in search of the most stimulating teachers and the most famous academies; in search of the purest philosophy, the most effective medicine, the likeliest road to gold.Mobility of this kin
33、d meant also mobility of ideas, their transference across frontiers, their simultaneous impact upon many groups of people. The point of learning is to share it, whether with students or with colleagues; one presumes that only eccentrics have no interest in being credited with a startling discovery,
34、or a new technique. It must also have been reassuring to know that other people in other parts of the world were about to make the same discovery or were thinking along the same lines, and that one was not quite alone, confronted by inquisition, ridicule or neglect.In the twentieth century, and part
35、icularly in the last 20 years, the old footpaths of the wandering scholars have become vast highways. The vehicle which has made this possible has of course been the aeroplane, making contact between scholars even in the most distant places immediately feasible, and providing for the very rapid tran
36、smission of knowledge.Apart from the vehicle itself, it is fairly easy to identify the main factors which have brought about the recent explosion in academic movement. Some of these are purely quantitative and require no further mention: there are far more centres of learning, and a far greater numb
37、er of scholars and students.In addition one must recognise the very considerable multiplication of disciplines, particularly in the sciences, which by widening the total area of advanced studies has produced an enormous number of specialists whose particular interests are precisely defined. These pe
38、ople would work in some isolation if they were not able to keep in touch with similar isolated groups in other countries.Frequently these specializations lie in areas where very rapid developments are taking place, and also where the research needed for developments is extremely costly and takes a l
39、ong time. It is precisely in these areas that the advantages of collaboration and sharing of expertise appear most evident. Associated with this is the growth of specialist periodicals, which enable scholars to become aware of what is happening in different centres of research and to meet each other
40、 in conferences and symposia. From these meetings come the personal relationships which are at the bottom of almost all formalized schemes of cooperation, and provide them with their most satisfactory stimulus.But as the specialisations have increased in number and narrowed in range, there had been
41、an opposite movement towards interdisciplinary studies. These owe much to the belief that one cannot properly investigate the incredibly complex problems thrown up by the modern world, and by recent advances in our knowledge along the narrow front of a single discipline. This trend has led to a grea
42、t deal of academic contact between disciplines, and a far greater emphasis on the pooling of specialist knowledge, reflected in the broad subjects chosen in many international conferences.36 According to the passage, scholars and students are great travellers because_.（A）standards are higher at fore
43、ign universities（B） their governments encourage them to travel（C） salaries and conditions are better abroad（D）they are eager for new knowledge37 The writer says that travel was important in the past because it_.（A）was a way of spreading ideas（B） broke down political barriers（C） led to economic progr
44、ess（D）made new ideas less schooling38 The writer claims that it is important for specialists to be able to travel because_.（A）there are so many people working in similar fields（B） there is a lot of social unrest at universities（C） their follow experts are scattered round the world（D）their laboratori
45、es are in remote places39 The writer thinks that the growth of specialist societies and periodicals has helped scholars to _.（A）spend less time travelling（B） cut down research costs（C） develop their ideas more quickly（D）keep up with current developments40 Developments in international cooperation ar
46、e often, it is suggested, the result of_.（A）friendships formed by scholars at meetings（B） articles in learned journals（C） the work of international agencies（D）programs initiated by governments41 The traditional distinction between products that satisfy needs and those that satisfy wants is no longer
47、 adequate to describe classes of products. In todays prosperous societies the distinction has become blurred because so many wants have been turned into needs. A writer, for instance, can work with paper and pencils. These are legitimate needs for the task. But the work can be done more quickly and
48、efficiently with a word processor. Thus a computer is soon viewed as a need rather than a want.In the field of marketing, consumer goods are classed according to the way in which they are purchased. The two main categories are convenience goods and shopping goods. Two lesser types are specialty good
49、s and unsought goods. It must be emphasized that all of these types are based on the way shoppers think about products, not on the nature of the products themselves. What is regarded as a convenience item in France(wine, for example) may be a specialty goods in the United States.People do not spend a great deal of time shopping for such convenience items as groceries, newspapers, toothpaste, ra
