1、考研英语（一）模拟试卷 140 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 1 Air is (1)_, and like all matter, it has weight. Weight is the measure of the (2)_ of gravity (3)_ matter. If a scale registers 10
2、 kilograms when a stone is placed on it, this means that gravity pulls the stone with that (4)_ force. (5)_, earths gravity pulls on each (6)_ of gas and dust on the atmosphere. Because our atmosphere is a. vast (7)_ of air, it has (8)_. If it could (9)_ be compressed and put on a (10)_ of scales, i
3、t would weigh about 5,700,000,000,000,000 (quadrillion) metric tons.The air pressed down on us and against us (11)_ all sides. Something (12)_ a ton of air is pressing against you at this moment. You are not (13)_ of this because air pressure within your body (14)_ the pressure of the air outside.Ai
4、r pressure is 1.036 kilograms per square centimeter (14.7 pounds per square inch) at sea (15)_. It is greatest there because that is the (16)_ of the atmosphere. (17)_ higher altitudes the pressure is (18)_. That is why the (19)_ of highflying planes are pressurized. They are designed to (20)_ the a
5、ir pressure our bodies must have.（A）thing（B） material（C） atmosphere（D）matter（A）pull（B） size（C） gravity（D）number（A）at（B） to（C） on（D）by（A）many（B） much（C） heavy（D）weighted（A）Usually（B） Frequently（C） Naturally（D）Similarly（A）kilogram（B） group（C） matter（D）particle（A）ocean（B） plain（C） container（D）vessel（A）
6、some（B） definite（C） countless（D）considerable（A）surely（B） somehow（C） constantly（D）carefully（A）set（B） series（C） variety（D）kind（A）from（B） in（C） by（D）on（A）as（B） of（C） like（D）about（A）knowing（B） sure（C） feeling（D）aware（A）supports（B） balances（C） comes from（D）acts as（A）altitude（B） height（C） level（D）degree（A
7、）line（B） layer（C） bottom（D）point（A）On（B） At（C） For（D）Through（A）more（B） none（C） various（D）less（A）seats（B） cabins（C） bodies（D）engines（A）produce（B） provide（C） maintain（D）improveGrammar21 You are just the same_you were the day when I first met you.（A）that（B） as（C） like（D）so22 _ he works hard, I dont fin
8、d when he finishes the experiment.（A）As soon as（B） As well as（C） So long as（D）So far as23 _average must a fellowship student maintain?（A）How high（B） What high（C） How high an（D）What a high24 _ man can now create radioactive elements, there is nothing he can do to reduce their radioactivity.（A）As（B） W
9、hether（C） While（D）Now that25 “It seems that she was there at the conference. “The sentence means that_.（A）she seems to be there at the conference（B） she seemed to be there at the conference（C） she seems to have been there at the conference（D）she seemed to being there at the conference26 I object_as
10、he is still too young.（A）my son to smoke（B） my son smoking（C） to my son to smoke（D）to my sons smoking27 My sisters professor had her_ her paper many times before allowing her to present it to the committee.（A）rewritten（B） to rewrite（C） rewrite（D）rewriting28 The sun heats the earth, _is very importan
11、t to living things.（A）that（B） what（C） which（D）as29 The driver carefully checked his car_it should go wrong on the way.（A）lest（B） or else（C） so that（D）in order that30 Theres no comparison between them, one_clearly much better than the other.（A）being（B） was（C） be（D）having beenPart ADirections: Read th
12、e following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)30 The Internet Remade Spying ProfessionWild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet. The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in the World War II and later laid the roots fo
13、r the CIA was fascinated with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the “great game“ of espionagespying as a “profession“.These days the Net, which has already remade such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovans vocation as well.The l
14、ast revolution isnt simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemens e-mail.That kind of electronic spying has been going on for decades. In the past three or four years, the World Wide Web has given birth to a whole industry of point-and-click spying. The spooks call it “ open source intellige
15、nce“, and as the Net grows, it is becoming increasingly influential. In 1995 the CIA held a contest to see who could compile the most data about Burundi. The winner, by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open Source Solutions, whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic w
16、orld.Among the firms making the biggest splash in the new world is Straitford, Inc. , a private intelligence analysis firm based in Austin, Texas. Straitford makes money by selling the results of spying (covering nations from Chile to Russia) to corporations like energy services firm McDermott Inter
17、national. Many of its predictions are available online at www. straitford. corn.Straitford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymasters dream. Last week his firm was busy vacuuming up dat
18、a bits from the far corners of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine. “As soon as that report runs, we II suddenly get 500 new Internet sign ups from Ukraine,“ says Friedman, a former political science professor. “And we II hear back from some of them.“ Open source spying does have its risks,
19、 of course, since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad. Thats where Straitford earns its keep.31 The emergence of the Net has_.（A）received support from fans like Donovan（B） remolded the intelligence services（C） restored many common pastimes（D）revived spying as a profession32 Donovan
20、s story is mentioned in the text to_.（A）introduce the topic of online spying（B） show how he fought for the US（C） give an episode of the information war（D）honor his unique services to the CIA33 The phrase “making the biggest splash“ (Line 1 2, Para. 3) most probably means（A）causing the biggest troubl
21、e（B） exerting the greatest effort（C） achieving the greatest success（D）enjoying the widest popularity34 it can be learned from Para. 4 that_.（A）Straitfords prediction about Ukraine has proved true（B） Straitford guarantees the truthfulness of its information（C） Straitfords business is characterized by
22、 unpredictability（D）Straitford is able to provide fairly reliable information35 Straitford is most proud of its_.（A）official status（B） nonconformist image（C） efficient staff（D）military background36 Animal studies are under way, human trial protocols are taking shape and drug makers are on alert. All
23、 the international health community needs now is a human vaccine for the bird flu pandemic sweeping a cluster of Asian countries.The race for a vaccine began after the first human case emerged in Hong Kong in 1997. Backed by the World Health Organization (WHO), three research teams in the US and UK
24、are trying to create a seed virus for a new vaccine. Their task is formidable, but researchers remain optimistic“. There are obstacles, but most of the obstacles have been treated sensibly“, says Richard Webby, a virologist at St. Jude Childrens Research Hospital in Memphis, Tennessee.The biggest ch
25、allenge is likely to be the rapidly mutating virus. Candidate vaccines produced last year against the H5N1 virus are ineffective against this years strain. Scientists will have to constantly monitor the changes and try to tailor the vaccine as the virus mutates. They cant wait to see which one comes
26、 next.The urgency stems from fears that H5N1 will combine with a human flu virus, creating a pathogen(病原体) that could be transmitted from person to person. But if people have no immunity to the virus, the strain may not mutate as rapidly in people as it does in birds.To quickly generate the vaccine,
27、 researchers are using reverse genetics, which allows them to skip the long process of searching through reassorted viruses for the correct genetic combination. Instead, scientists clone sequences for hemagglutinin(红血球凝聚素) and neuraminidase(神经氨酸苷酶), the two key proteins in the virus. The sequences a
28、re then combined with human influenza genes to create a customized reference strain.Because products developed with reverse genetics have never been tested in humans, the candidate vaccines will first have to clear regulatory review. In anticipation, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the
29、 European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products (EMEA) are both preparing pandemic response plans. The EMEA has produced a fist-track licensing program, an industry task force and detailed guidance for potential applicants.In Europe, a reassortant influenza virusbut not the inactivated vac
30、cineproduced by reverse genetics would be considered a genetically modified organism, and manufacturers would need approval from their national or local safety authorities. The WHO has prepared a preliminary biosafety risk assessment of pilot-lot vaccine, which could help speed up the review.A preli
31、minary version of their protocol calls for several hundred subjects, beginning with a group of young adults and gradually expanding to include those most susceptible to the fluchildren and the elderly“. If we had product“, says Lambert“, it would probably be a couple of months at the earliest before
32、 we have early data in healthy adults“.36 We can infer from Paragraph 2 that facing the tough task the researchers of WHO _.（A）flinch from their work.（B） hesitate and feel perplexed.（C） carry on their research.（D）abandon their research.37 During the developing of the vaccine, the biggest problem may
33、 probably be _.（A）the combination of bird flu virus with human flu virus.（B） the virus mutates in a short period.（C） the vaccines are ineffective against the virus.（D）the time is pressing for the scientists.38 The vaccine generated by reverse genetics is required to review in that _.（A）it has strong
34、 side effect to the elderly.（B） it may turn ineffective in a short period.（C） it is useless in preventing the virus.（D）it hasnt been tested in humans.39 Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?（A）there is already a case in which the virus is transmitted from person to person.（B） amer
35、ican scientists take the pandemic more seriously than European ones.（C） the effect of candidate vaccines can last more than one year.（D）the manufacture of the vaccine must be authorized by safety authorities.40 What is the authors attitude towards the newly developed bird flu vaccine?（A）Slightly app
36、roves of.（B） Depicts neutrally.（C） Slightly disapproves of.（D）Completely rejects.40 Our culture has caused most Americans to assume not only that our language is universal but that the gestures we use are understood by everyone. We do not realize that waving good-bye is the way to summon a person fr
37、om the Philippines to ones side, or that in Italy and some Latin-American countries, curling the finger to oneself is a sign of farewell.Those private citizens who sent packages to our troops occupying Germany after World War II and marked them GIFT to escape duty payments did not bother to find out
38、 that “Gift“ means poison in German. Moreover, we like to think of ourselves as friendly, yet we prefer to be at least 3 feet or an arms length away from others. Latins and Middle-Easterners like to come closer and touch, which makes American uncomfortable.Our linguistic(语言上的)and cultural blindness
39、and the casualness with which we take notice of the developed tastes, gestures, customs and languages of other countries, are losing us friends, business and respect in the world.Even here in the United States, we make few concessions(让步)to the needs of foreign visitors. There are no information sig
40、ns in four languages on our public buildings or monuments; we do not have multilingual(多语言的)guided tours. Very few restaurant menus have translations, and multilingual waiters, bank clerks and policemen are rare. Our transportation systems have maps in English only and often we ourselves have diffic
41、ulty understanding them.When we go abroad, we tend to cluster in hotels and restaurants where English is spoken. Then attitudes and information we pick up are conditioned by those natives usually the richer who speak English. Our business dealings, as well as the nations diplomacy, are conducted thr
42、ough interpreters.For many years, American dollars no longer buy all good things, and we are slowly beginning to realize that our proper role in the world is changing. A 1979 Harris poll reported that 55 percent of Americans want this country to play a more significant role in world affairs; we want
43、 to have a hand in the important decisions of the 21st century, even though it may not always be the upper hand.A. when they visit another countryB. the result of Harris opinion pollC. poisonous stuffD. multilingual context is neededE. are hard for both the foreigners and localsF. is meant to bring
44、a person to ones sideG. are willing to play a great role41 For the Philippines, waving good-bye_.42 In German “Gift“ means_.43 The American traffic systems44 The Americans are likely to depend on English_.45 In the 21st century Americans45 Income inequality in the United State remained relatively st
45、able for a period of nearly forty years. Beginning in the 1970s, however, this period of stability ended, as the first signs of widening income inequality became apparent. Over the course of the 1970s and 1980s , an increasingly clear trend toward greater income inequality emerged. By the end of the
46、 1980s, the top 20 percent of workers were receiving the largest share of income ever recorded by government figures, and the bottom three fifths were receiving the lowest shares ever recorded. This trend has continued into the 1990s and currently shows no signs of decline. When the indicators of gr
47、owing inequality were first observed in the 1970s, some researchers argued that the effects were merely temporary artifacts of short-term labor market disturbances. The new occupational structure appears to be one with an increase of well-paid technical, scientific and professional jobs at the top,
48、a sliding middle class, and a growing poorly-paid service and retail jobs at the bottom. Several important labor-force changes appeared to be contributing to the shifting occupational structure.As occupational reconstructing and growing income inequality have become increasingly evident, a heated de
49、bate as to the causes and magnitude of these changes arose. Two dominant bodies of thought emerged around the issue: the job-skill mismatch thesis and the polarization thesis. Mismatch theorists argue that there is an increasing distance between the high skill requirements of post-industrial jobs and the inadequate training and mediocre qualifications of workers
