1、考研英语（一）模拟试卷 148 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 0 You probably have a long mental list of moments and facts you wish you could rememberbut actually you cannot. The good news,【 B1】_
2、, is that while such memories may be currently【B2】_, they are not entirely gone, and could theoretically be【B3 】_, according to a new brain research.In the study, biologist Jeffrey Johnson【B4】_16 college participants through an FMRI machine (which【B5】_nervous activity via blood flow)to compare brain
3、 patterns【B6 】_memory formation and recall. First, he showed the students various common words and had them【B7】_a few tasks: say the word backwards in your head,【 B8】_its uses, and picture how an artist would【B9】_it. Then, 20 minutes later, after the students re-entered the FMRI machine, Johnson sho
4、wed them the list of words and asked them to recall【B10】_they could from before. Finally, he compared brain activity from both【B11 】_and what he found will surprise you.Using【B12 】_is called “pattern analysis“ , its possible to【B13】_a unique pattern of brain activity to every individual thing we do.
5、 This means that when a participant says the word “apple“ backwards the【B14】_pattern of brain activity is different from when he pictures the fruit.【B15】_interestingly, there is close similarity between the pattern that emerges when we【 B16】_an activity and when we later recall it. The stronger our
6、memory, the【B17 】_the pattern, but as Johnson found, even at a moment【B18】_we cannot remember anything, our nerve cells still fire in a way that【B19】_the activity of when we formed the memory. This【B20 】_that sometime in the future we may be able to retrieve the memories we thought wed lost forever.
7、1 【B1 】（A）although（B） rather（C） though（D）therefore2 【B2 】（A）forgetful（B） absent（C） faultless（D）unavailable3 【B3 】（A）retrieved（B） recognized（C） claimed（D）accumulated4 【B4 】（A）let（B） put（C） ran（D）got5 【B5 】（A）measures（B） calculates（C） assesses（D）evaluates6 【B6 】（A）between（B） during（C） across（D）through
8、out7 【B7 】（A）assign（B） display（C） perform（D）overtake8 【B8 】（A）bring forward（B） think of（C） check out（D）catch on9 【B9 】（A）depict（B） manifest（C） predict（D）specify10 【B10 】（A）however（B） whenever（C） whatever（D）whichever11 【B11 】（A）procedures（B） sections（C） progress（D）stages12 【B12 】（A）which（B） that（C） a
9、s（D）what13 【B13 】（A）attach（B） subject（C） submit（D）stick14 【B14 】（A）controversial（B） associated（C） particular（D）relevant15 【B15 】（A）Even（B） So（C） But（D）And16 【B16 】（A）set about（B） sit for（C） engage in（D）go through17 【B17 】（A）stronger（B） closer（C） further（D）weaker18 【B18 】（A）when（B） that（C） which（D）as
10、19 【B19 】（A）hampers（B） distinguishes（C） duplicates（D）resembles20 【B20 】（A）highlights（B） implies（C） entails（D）exclaimsPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)20 Discussion of the assimilation of Puerto Ricans in the Un
11、ited States has focused on two factors: social standing and the loss of national culture. In general, excessive stress is placed on one factor or the other, depending on whether the commentator is North American or Puerto Rican. Many American social scientists , such as Oscar Handling, Joseph Fitzpa
12、trick, and Oscar Lewis, consider Puerto Ricans as the most recent in the long line of ethnic entrants to occupy the lowest rung on the social ladder. Such a “ socio-demographic“ approach tends to regard assimilation as a benign process, taking for granted increased economic advantage and inevitable
13、cultural integration, in a supposedly egalitarian context. However, this approach fails to take into account the colonial nature of the Puerto Rican case, with this group, unlike their European predecessors, coming from a nation politically subordinated to the United States. E-ven the “radical“ crit
14、iques of this mainstream research model, such as the critique developed in Divided Society, attach the issue of ethnic assimilation too mechanically to factors of economic and social mobility, and are thus unable to illuminate the cultural subordination of Puerto Ricans as a colonial minority.In con
15、trasts, the “colonialist“ approach of island-based writers such as Eduardo Seda-Bpnilla, Manuel Maldonado-Denis, and Luis Neives-Falcon tends to view assimilation as the forced loss of national culture accommodation among other Puerto Ricans thinkers. The writings of Eugenio Fernandez Mendez clearly
16、 exemplify this tradition, and many supporters of Puerto Ricos commonwealth status share the same universalizing orientation. But the Puerto Rican intellectuals who have written most about the assimilation process in the United States all advance cultural nationalist views, advocating the preservati
17、on of minority cultural distinctions and rejecting what they see as the subjugation of colonial nationalities.This cultural and political emphasis is appropriate, but the colonialists thinkers misdirect it, overlooking the class relations at work in both Puerto Rican and North American history. They
18、 pose the clash of national cultures as an absolute polarity, with each culture understood a static and undifferentiated. Yet both Puerto Rican and North American traditions have been subject to constant challenge from cultural forces within their own societies, forces that may move toward each othe
19、r in ways that cannot be written off as mere “assimilation“. Consider, for example, the indigenous and Afro-Caribbean traditions in Puerto Rican culture and how they influence and influenced by other Caribbean cultures and Black cultures in the United States. The elements of coercion and inequality,
20、 so central to cultural contact according to the colonialist framework, play no role in this kind of convergence of racially and ethnically different elements of the same class.21 The authors main purpose is to_.（A）criticize the emphasis on social standing in discussions of the assimilation of Puert
21、o Ricans in the United States（B） support the thesis that assimilation has not been a benign process for Puerto Ricans（C） defend a view of the assimilation of Puerto Ricans that emphasizes the preservation of national culture（D）indicate deficiencies in two schools of thought on the assimilation of Pu
22、erto Ricans in the United States22 Culture accommodation is prompted by_.（A）Eduardo Seda-Bonilla（B） Manuel Maldonado-Denis（C） the author of Divided Society（D）many supporters of Puerto Ricos commonwealth status23 A writer such as Eugenio Fernandez Mendez would most likely agree that_.（A）it is necessa
23、ry for the members of such groups to adapt the culture of the majority（B） the members of such groups generally encounter a culture that is static and undifferentiated（C） social mobility is the most important feature of the experience of members of such groups（D）social scientists should emphasize the
24、 cultural and political aspects of the experience of members of such groups24 The Puerto Rican writers who have written most about assimilation do NOT_.（A）regard assimilation as benign（B） resist cultural integration（C） describe in detail the process of assimilation（D）take into account the colonial n
25、ature of the Puerto Rican case25 The “colonialist“ approach is so called because its practitioners_.（A）support Puerto Ricos commonwealth status（B） have a strong tradition of culture accommodation（C） emphasize the class relations at work in both Puerto Rican and North American history（D）regard the po
26、litical relation of Puerto Rico to the United States as a significant factor in the experience of Puerto Ricans25 Anthropology is the study of human beings as creatures of society, it fastens its attention upon those physical characteristics and industrial techniques, those conventions and values, w
27、hich distinguish one community from all others that belong to a different tradition.This distinguishing mark of anthropology among the social sciences is that it includes for serious study other societies than our own. For its purposes any social regulation of mating and reproduction is as significa
28、nt as our own, though it may be that of the Sea Dyaks, and have no possible historical relation to that of our civilization. To the anthropologists, our customs and those of a New Guinea tribe are two possible social schemes for dealing with a common problem, and in so far as he remains an anthropol
29、ogist he is bond to avoid any weighting of one in favor of the other. He is interested in human behavior, not as it is shaped by one tradition, but as it has been shaped by any tradition whatsoever. He is interested in a wide range of custom that is found in various cultures, and his object is to un
30、derstand the way in which these cultures change and differentiated, the different forms through which they express themselves and the manner in which the customs of any peoples function in the lives of the individuals.Now custom has not been commonly regarded as a subject of any great moment. The in
31、ner workings of our own brains we feel to be uniquely worthy of investigation, but custom, we have a way of thinking, is behavior at its most commonplace. As a matter of fact it is the other way round. Traditional custom is a mass of detailed behavior more astonishing than what any one person can ev
32、er evolve in individual actions. Yet that is a rather trivial aspect of the matter, the fact of first-rate importance is the predominant role that custom plays in experience and belief, and the very great varieties it may manifest.26 According to the text, we can say that anthropology_.（A）can deal w
33、ith human beings as one group of the creatures in the living world（B） can reveal an enormous diversity of traditions（C） can provide insights into the relationship between human beings and nature（D）can distinguish the human race from other creatures27 For serious study, an anthropologist_.（A）must not
34、 study his own culture（B） is not supposed to have a prejudice against any society（C） should focus on those societies which are historically related to each other（D）is obliged to work only on those societies which have no historical relationship to each other28 In the third paragraph, the author is t
35、rying to_.（A）to be critical of custom（B） to say that anthropology is more important than psychology（C） to strengthen the role custom plays in experience and belief（D）to draw our attention to the importance of custom29 Which of the following does the author most probably agree with?（A）The goal of the
36、 anthropologist is to understand the way in which people express themselves.（B） The anthropologist tries to understand why cultures are carried on without any change.（C） The anthropologists professional interest is as wide as the variety of customs.（D）A11 of the above. 30 Which of the following is t
37、he best title for the text?（A）Human Behavior（B） Creatures of Society（C） The Science of Custom（D）The Functions of Cultures30 Human relations have commanded peoples attention from early times. The ways of people have been recorded in innumerable myths, folktales, novels, poems, plays, and popular or p
38、hilosophical essays. Although the full significance of human relationship may not be directly evident, the complexity of feeling and actions that can be understood at a glance is surprisingly great. For this reason psychology holds a unique position among the sciences. “Intuitive“ knowledge may be r
39、emarkably penetrating and can significantly help us understand human behavior, whereas in the physical sciences such commonsense knowledge is relatively primitive. If we erased all knowledge of scientific physics from our modem world, not only would we not have cars and television sets, we might eve
40、n find that the ordinary person was unable to cope with the fundamental mechanical problems of pulleys and levers. On the other hand, if we removed all knowledge of scientific psychology from our world, problems in interpersonal relations might easily be coped with and solved much as before. We woul
41、d still “know“ how to avoid doing something asked of us and how to get someone to agree with us; we would still “ know“ when someone was angry and when someone was pleased. One could even offer sensible explanations for the “whys“ of much the selfs behavior and feelings. In the other words, the ordi
42、nary person has a great and profound understanding of the self and of the other people which, though unformulated or only vaguely conceived, enables one to interact with others in more or less adaptive ways. Kohler, in referring to the lack of great discoveries in psychology as compared with physics
43、, accounts for this by saying that “ people were acquainted with practically all territories of mental life a long time before the founding of scientific psychology. “ Paradoxically, with all this natural intuitive, commonsense capacity to grasp human relations, the science of human relations has be
44、en one of the last to develop. Different explanations of this paradox have been suggested. One is that science would destroy the vain and pleasing illusions people have about themselves; but we might ask why people have always loved to read pessimistic, debunking writings, from Ecclesiastes to Freud
45、. It has also been proposed that just because we know so much about people intuitively , there has been less incentive for studying them scientifically; why should one develop a theory, carry out systematic observations, or make predictions about the obvious? In any case, the field of human relation
46、s, with its vast literary documentation but meager scientific treatment, is in great contrast to the field of physics in which there are relatively few nonscientific books.31 According to the passage, it has been suggested that the science of human relations was slow to develop because_.（A）early sci
47、entists were more interested in the physical world（B） scientific studies of human relations appear to investigate the obvious（C） the scientific method is difficult to apply to the study of human relations（D）people generally seem to be more attracted to literary than to scientific writings about huma
48、n relations32 The authors statement that “psychology holds a unique position among the sciences“(line 4 5, Para. 1)is supported by which of the following claims in the passage?（A）The full meaning of human relationship may not be obvious.（B） Commonsense understanding of human relations can be incisiv
49、e.（C） Intuitive knowledge in the physical sciences is relatively advanced.（D）Subjective bias is difficult to control in psychological research.33 It can be inferred that the author would most likely agree with which of the following statements regarding who lived before the advent of scientific psychology?（A）Their understanding of human relations was quite limited.（B） They were uninterested in acquiring knowledge of the physical w
