1、考研英语（一）模拟试卷 152 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 0 For much of this week, New York has been caught up in an unstoppable heat wave. At times like this, its hard not to imagine the wo
2、rst-case【B1】_. What if the worlds air-conditioners just stopped working? What would we do then?Air-conditioning has【B2】_the polarity of summer: it has us fleeing inside during hot weather,【B3】_we used to flee outside, which might have been more fun, and was certainly more【B4】_. Arthur Millers “Befor
3、e Air-Conditioning“(1998)probably the definitive New Yorker essay on this subjectdescribes the way New Yorkers would【B5】_together out-of-doors. During his childhood, Miller writes, in the twenties, “There were still elevated trains. Desperate people, unable to【B6】_their apartments, would 【B7】_pay a
4、nickel and ride around aimlessly for a couple of hours to cool off.“ At night, Central Park “was full of hundreds of people who slept on the grass. Babies cried in the darkness, mens deep voices【B8 】_, and a woman let out a(n) 【B9】_high laugh beside the lake.“ It was still hot in the park, and it wa
5、s crowded, but the【B10】_of the space made the heat easier to【B11】_.The【B12 】_and spread of air-conditioning, meanwhile, put【B13 】_relief the habits of the pre-air-con-ditioning【B14】_. In a comment from July 4, 1959, A. J. Iiebling【B15】_how “the dodges for coping with the heat that New Yorkers learne
6、d in three centuries of summer have become【B16】_, and in some cases hazardous.“ New York buildings, Iiebling complained, were now “twenty degrees colder in summer than in winter, when they are【 B17】_to the needs of a woman who is going to shed a mink coat the【B18】_she gets inside, and is wearing not
7、hing much underneath it.“Nowadays, air-conditioners are cheap and【B19】 _. And yet there are still summer days like these days when its【B20】_hot that the heat is almost all you can think about.1 【B1 】（A）event（B） critique（C） argument（D）scenario2 【B2 】（A）reversed（B） revised（C） resisted（D）reset3 【B3 】（A
8、）but（B） while（C） and（D）so4 【B4 】（A）sustainable（B） practical（C） typical（D）social5 【B5 】（A）flock（B） assemble（C） float（D）congregate6 【B6 】（A）repay（B） escape（C） rent（D）endure7 【B7 】（A）simply（B） namely（C） carefully（D）barely8 【B8 】（A）screamed（B） shouted（C） murmured（D）yelled9 【B9 】（A）uncommon（B） occasional
9、（C） continual（D）eventual10 【B10 】（A）openness（B） vacancy（C） desolation（D）quietness11 【B11 】（A）compete（B） bear（C） tolerate（D）suffer12 【B12 】（A）discovery（B） surplus（C） assembly（D）advent13 【B13 】（A）on（B） up（C） into（D）down14 【B14 】（A）era（B） instant（C） generation（D）century15 【B15 】（A）approved（B） lamented（
10、C） affirmed（D）scorned16 【B16 】（A）irreplaceable（B） superfluous（C） suspicious（D）monotonous17 【B17 】（A）adapted（B） faced（C） complained（D）satisfied18 【B18 】（A）case（B） move（C） moment（D）hour19 【B19 】（A）pervasive（B） universal（C） abusive（D）compulsive20 【B20 】（A）such（B） as（C） so（D）offPart ADirections: Read th
11、e following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)20 “At Booz Allen, were shaping the future of cyber-security,“ trumpets a recruiting message on the website of Booz Allen Hamilton, a consulting and technology firm. It is hard to argue with that exagge
12、ration right now. Edward Snowden, the man who revealed he was responsible for leaks about surveillance of American citizens by the National Security Agency(NSA), was a contractor working for Booz Allen. That has turned a spotlight on the extensive involvement of private firms in helping Americas spi
13、es to do their jobs. The affair could lead to changes in the way these relationships work.The role of firms such as Booz Allen in the intelligence arena and the flow of government cyber-tsars into tech companies are evidence of an emerging cyber-industrial complex in which the private and public sec
14、tors are intimately linked. Some will see this as a worrying development, noting that President Dwight Eisenhower used the term “military-industrial complex“ in a speech in 1961 to give warning about the dangers of too cosy a relationship between government, military men and defence contractors.Ther
15、e are risks inherent in the cyber-industrial complex too. Mr. Snowdens leak will raise questions about just how watertight firms such as Booz Allen can keep their operations. There is also a theoretical risk that former officials might tap their friends in government to give their new employers an u
16、nfair advantage in bidding for federal contracts or to influence policy for commercial advantage.But there are also reasons why the cyber-industrial complex should, on balance, be welcomed. For a start, many talented but weird techies would refuse to work for government agencies. Better to have them
17、 work as contractors than not to enlist their talents at all. Deep-pocketed firms may also be best placed to attract rare birds such as data scientists.Because of the danger that online security threats pose, companies need to co-operate closely with government spies and crimebusters to counter them
18、. Former cyber-officials can advise firms how best to do this. Moreover, if the government wants to continue to benefit from the savvy of its departing cyber-warriors, it can always hire their new firms.Government types can also help cyber-security firms and consultancies, which are prime targets fo
19、r hackers, to protect their own operations better. Dmitri Alperovitch, a founder of CrowdStrike, a cyber-security company that hired Shawn Henry after he retired from a senior position at the FBI, says that in addition to working with clients Mr. Henry is also responsible for CrowdStrikes own intern
20、al security.21 We can learn from the first paragraph that（A）the Snowden incident was a heavy blow to Booz Allen Hamilton.（B） private firms and government spies have long worked together.（C） cooperation between the private and public sectors should be stopped.（D）many failed to note the role of privat
21、e firms in the intelligence arena.22 Some are worried about the cyber-industrial complex in that（A）it is a duplicate of the military-industrial complex.（B） the possible intimate link will pose potential risks.（C） private and public sectors will conspire to monitor them.（D）they will be deprived of th
22、e right to the freedom of speech.23 One reason why the cyber-industrial complex should be welcomed is that（A）it can create more job opportunities in America.（B） it can enhance industrialization of IT researches.（C） it is a good way to combat online security threats.（D）it can prevent scandals like th
23、e Snowden incident.24 Shawn Henry is mentioned in the last paragraph to（A）demonstrate that he is one of the so-called government types.（B） justify the intimate link between private and public sectors.（C） show that companies closely cooperate with government.（D）illustrate the help rendered by former
24、officials to companies.25 The authors attitude towards the cyber-industrial complex is（A）critical.（B） supportive.（C） objective.（D）skeptical.25 The sale of the Washington Post to Jeff Bezos is just the most recent episode in the decline and fall of professional journalism. By selling out to a mega-bi
25、llionaire without any newspaper experience, the Graham family has put a priceless national asset at the mercy of a single outsider. Perhaps Jeff Bezos will use his new plaything responsibly; perhaps not; if not, one of the few remaining sources of serious journalism will be lost.The crisis in the En
26、glish-speaking world will turn into a catastrophe in smaller language zones. The English-speaking market is so large that advertisers will pay a lot to gain access to the tens of millions of readers who regularly click onto the New York Times or the Guardian. But the Portuguese-reading public is far
27、 too small to support serious journalism on the internet. What happens to Portuguese democracy when nobody is willing to pay for old-fashioned newspapers?The blogosphere cant be expected to take up the slack. First-class reporting on national and international affairs isnt for amateurs. It requires
28、lots of training and lots of contacts and lots of expenses. It also requires reporters with the well-honed capacity to write for a broad audience. The modern newspaper created the right incentives, but without a comparable business model for the new technology, blogging will degenerate into a postmo
29、dern nightmarewith millions spouting off without any concern for the facts.We cant afford to wait for the invisible hand to come up with a new way to provide economic support for serious journalism. To be sure, the financial press has proved moderately successful in persuading readers to pay for onl
30、ine access; and mainstream media are now trying to emulate this success. But if tens of millions of readers dont surrender to the charms of PayPaland quicklynow is the time for some creative tninking. For starters, it would be a mistake to rely on a BBC-style solution. After all it is one thing for
31、government to serve as a major source of news; quite another to give it a virtual monopoly on reporting.Enter the Internet news voucher. Under our proposal, each news article on the web will end by asking readers whether it contributed to their political understanding. If so, they can click the yes-
32、box, and send the message to a National Endowment for Journalismwhich would obtain an annual appropriation from the government. This money would be distributed to news organizations on the basis of a strict mathematical formula: the more clicks, the bigger the check from the Endowment. This way, ser
33、ious journalism will succeed in gaining mass support. Common sense, as well as fundamental liberal values, counsels against any governmental effort to regulate the quality of news.26 It is implied in the first two paragraphs that（A）it was a mercy that Jeff Bezos took over the valueless Washington Po
34、st.（B） the decline of professional journalism has been around for a while.（C） the decline of English will have a huge impact on other languages.（D）professional journalism has been put at risk by the internet boom.27 The word “slack“(Line 1, Para. 3)most probably means（A）fund shortage for journalism.
35、（B） crisis in journalistic English.（C） decline of serious journalism.（D）lack of support for journalism.28 According to paragraph 3, first-class reporting is（A）highly demanding.（B） for professionals only.（C） declining in quality.（D）notoriously degenerating.29 The author holds that the BBC-style is no
36、t a good solution because（A）it is not as creative as it should be.（B） the invisible hand is not workable.（C） it does not appeal to all the people.（D）the news reporting is controlled.30 What do we know about the Internet news voucher?（A）It may help the public enhance political understanding.（B） It wi
37、ll be funded and thus controlled by the government.（C） It may be a good way to revive serious journalism.（D）It will spread liberal values and save serious journalism.30 Hope may be the lovely, lyrical, inspiring thing many people believe it is“the thing with feathers,“ as Emily Dickinson called it.
38、But to scientists, its also a more dull thing as well: a skill, a tool, a simple choice that is a lot less accidental or lucky. As psychologist Shane Lopez, a senior scientist at the Gallup organization argues in his new book, Making Hope Happen, its also much more attainable than it seems.In both c
39、hildren and adults, there can be a hard-to-deny link between a robust sense of hope and either work productivity or academic achievement. In studies of this idea, hope is measured by a widely accepted psychological survey and productivity is measured by grades earned, sales made, widgets manufacture
40、d etc When Lopez and his colleagues recently gathered up a large body of this research and subjected it all to a meta-analysis, they came up with what they believe are very solid numbers: “Our finding was that hope accounts for about 14% of work productivity and 12% of academic achievement.“Hoping,
41、Lopez stresses, is a lot different from wishing, though the two are often mixed. The super-bestseller The Secret is based on the vaguely defined and not-exactly peer-reviewed “law of attraction,“ which in this case means that just having positive thoughts about wealth, love, success and more can dra
42、w all of those things to you. “This wonderful future will happen for you if you just sit back and wish hard enough,“ Lopez says.But wishing, he explains is only an element of hopeit is, in a sense, hope without a plan. And that often leads nowhere. Effective hoping, Lopez says, is a very deliberate,
43、 three-step process. First there is selecting a goal, whether short-term or long term. Then you have to consider the gap between where you are now and where you will be when you achieve the goal, and lay out a series of sequential, short-term goals that will allow you to close that gap. Finally, the
44、re is the execution, establishing a plan for when you will begin to implement those steps and where and how you will execute them.Its far too much to say that effective hoping is the onlyor even the biggestpart of what it takes to succeed. If 14% of business productivity can be attributed to hope, t
45、hat means 86% is dependent on raw talent, capricious business cycles, the quality of the product youre selling, and often pure luck. But even if hope is just one ingredient in all of that, its a catalyzing, energizing onethe gas in the tank, the fuel rod in the reactor, the Mentos in the Pepsi. Hope
46、 may be the thing with feathersbut its also the thing with power.31 Hope is believed to be “the thing with feathers“ because（A）it can inspire us.（B） it is dull and dumb.（C） it is weak and fragile.（D）it can not be attained.32 We can know from paragraphs 1 and 2 that（A）scientists believe hope is accid
47、ental, thus can not be attained.（B） there is a hard-to-deny link between study and work.（C） hope actually contributes to success in study and work.（D）hope plays a rather vital role in both work and study.33 The super-bestseller “The Secret“ is mentioned in paragraph 3 to（A）justify that wishing and h
48、oping are usually mixed.（B） define what “law of attraction“ actually is.（C） illustrate that wishing is the same thing as hoping.（D）draw forth the contents related with wishing.34 Which of the following is true of effective hoping?（A）Effective hoping is hoping without a plan, leading to nowhere.（B） P
49、eople should set long-term goals in effective hoping first.（C） Effective hoping involves goal-setting, planning and executing.（D）Effective hoping is so powerful that it can determine success.35 The most appropriate title of the text would be（A）Hope: The Thing with Feathers.（B） How Hope Works.（C） Wishing: A Part of Hope.（D）What Is Effective Hoping?35 In this years State of the Union address, President Obama outlined a plan to gradually raise the minimu
