1、考研英语（一）模拟试卷 155 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 0 There is concern around the apparent inability of science education to counter current negative perceptions of science in both dev
2、eloping and industrial countries. These concerns have【B1 】_consensus within the science education community over the【B2】_five decades that there is a need to focus on science literacy. The framework within which this consensus initially developed emphasized scientific knowledge and application.【B3】_
3、, a more recent consensus that has【B4】_within sectors of the science education community is the need to focus【B5 】_on the literacy aspects of science literacy. Norris and Phillips draw a【B6】_between the fundamental and derived senses of science literacy【B7 】_the fundamental sense requires proficienc
4、y in science language and thinking,【B8】_being proficient in the derived sense means being able to make【B9 】_judgements on scientific social issues.A number of researchers believe that for someone to be judged scientifically【B10】_in both the fundamental and derived sense, he or she must be first prof
5、icient in the discourses of science, which【B11】_reading, writing, and talking science. In order to achieve these goals, students must be helped to cross the【B12】_between the informal language they speak at home and the【B13】_language used at school,【B14】_the specialized language of science.The uncrit
6、ical belief that hands-on science activities automatically lead to understanding has been【B15】_with the realization that this is a necessary, but not essential, approach.【B16】_is needed are minds-on experiences that include discussion, planning, reading, and writing, as well as deliberations and arg
7、umentation. One of the first programs that explored the integration of language and science instruction introduced a science-content reading program【B17】_inquiry activities, science processes, and the comprehension of written information provided for the topic【B18】_. The result was that both reading
8、 and science scores【B19 】 _, as well as student【B20】_toward science.1 【B1 】（A）summed up（B） resulted in（C） came as（D）insisted on2 【B2 】（A）past（B） following（C） future（D）former3 【B3 】（A）Moreover（B） However（C） Therefore（D）Likewise4 【B4 】（A）vanished（B） dissolved（C） emerged（D）elapsed5 【B5 】（A）more（B） much
9、（C） less（D）little6 【B6 】（A）consensus（B） similarity（C） distinction（D）discussion7 【B7 】（A）except that（B） so that（C） not that（D）in that8 【B8 】（A）because（B） when（C） if（D）whereas9 【B9 】（A）fortunate（B） informed（C） successful（D）well-known10 【B10 】（A）notorious（B） literate（C） intelligent（D）diligent11 【B11 】（
10、A）reject（B） exhaust（C） include（D）rearrange12 【B12 】（A）borders（B） scopes（C） discrepancies（D）schedules13 【B13 】（A）proficient（B） polite（C） academic（D）casual14 【B14 】（A）luckily（B） particularly（C） extraordinarily（D）individually15 【B15 】（A）restricted（B） complemented（C） strengthened（D）replaced16 【B16 】（A）W
11、hat（B） That（C） Whether（D）Such17 【B17 】（A）categorizing（B） emphasizing（C） managing（D）concentrating18 【B18 】（A）in the way（B） at hand（C） by chance（D）at time19 【B19 】（A）fell（B） decreased（C） enhanced（D）improved20 【B20 】（A）devotions（B） nuisances（C） attitudes（D）affectionsPart ADirections: Read the following
12、 four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)20 A new book by a former lawyer at Kirkland unlike tulips and other speculative bubbles in the past, lawyers will always be a necessity not a fad. But then, The Very, Very Challenging Job Market for Lawyers doesn
13、t have the same ring to it.21 The book The Lawyer Bubble: A Profession in Crisis（A）has rattled legal profession.（B） is an exaggeration of the situation.（C） has caused deeper concern.（D）is a big blow to legal profession.22 Which of the following statements is true of paragraph 2?（A）The decline of leg
14、al profession is driven by economic recession.（B） Globalization has posed a tremendous impact on lawyers in America.（C） Many lawyers are unemployed with the introduction of legal software.（D）The downturn of legal profession is the outcome of a bunch of factors.23 It can be inferred in paragraph 3 th
15、at a degree in law has（A）always been difficult to finish and complete.（B） enabled law graduates to secure decent jobs.（C） actually hampered some graduates in the job market.（D）overqualified students for their future jobs.24 According to Steven J. Harper,（A）leaders in the legal profession are not to
16、blame.（B） the legal profession will burst like a bubble.（C） the inequity in the profession should be adjusted.（D）lawyers are actually a fad not a necessity.25 The author thinks that Harpers argument in the book is（A）alarming yet exaggerating.（B） disputable yet reasonable.（C） controversial and doubta
17、ble.（D）correct and reasonable.25 Every day, employees make decisions about whether to act like givers or like takers. When they act like givers, they contribute to others without seeking anything in return. They might offer assistance, share knowledge, or make valuable introductions. When they act l
18、ike takers, they try to get other people to serve their ends while carefully guarding their own expertise and time.Organizations have a strong interest in fostering giving behavior. A willingness to help others achieve their goals lies at the heart of effective collaboration, innovation, quality imp
19、rovement, and service excellence. In workplaces where such behavior becomes the norm, the benefits multiply quickly.But even as leaders recognize the importance of generous behavior and call for more of it, workers receive mixed messages about the advisability of acting in the interests of others. A
20、s a matter of fact, various situations put employees against one another, encouraging them to undercut rather than support their colleagues efforts. Even without a dog-eat-dog scoring system, strict delineation of responsibilities and a focus on individual performance metrics can cause a “not my job
21、“ mentality to take hold.As employees look around their organizations for models of success, they encounter further reasons to be wary of generosity. A study by the Stanford professor Frank Flynn highlighted this problem. When he examined patterns of favor exchange among the engineers in one company
22、, he found that the least-productive engineers were giversworkers who had done many more favors for others than theyd received. I made a similar discovery in a study of salespeople: The ones who generated the least revenue reported a particularly strong concern for helping others.This creates a chal
23、lenge for managers. Can they promote generosity without cutting into productivity and undermining fairness? How can they avoid creating situations where already-generous people give away too much of their attention while selfish coworkers feel they have even more license to take? How, in short, can
24、they protect good people from being treated like doormats?Part of the solution must involve targeting the takers in the organizationproviding incentives for them to collaborate and establishing repercussions for refusing reasonable requests. But even more important, my research suggests, is helping
25、the givers act on their generous impulses more productively. The key is for employees to gain a more subtle understanding of what generosity is and is not. Givers are better positioned to succeed when they distinguish generosity from three other attributestimidity, availability, and empathythat tend
26、 to travel with it.26 According to the author, givers are characterized by being（A）sharing.（B） selfless.（C） productive.（D）collaborative.27 We know from paragraph 3 that（A）leaders fail to appreciate the value of giving behavior.（B） workers are encouraged to provide mutual support.（C） many working env
27、ironment discourages generosity.（D）employees are told to mind their own businesses only.28 Prof. Frank Flynns study has found that（A）employees are wary of generosity in the workplace.（B） there are more takers than givers among the engineers.（C） takers are the most productive among the employees.（D）g
28、enerosity seems to be an obstacle to productivity.29 The phrase “being treated like doormats“(Last Line, Para. 5)implies that（A）the takers have posed a challenge for the managers.（B） the takers are praised for their high productivity.（C） the givers have been unfairly taken advantage of.（D）the givers
29、 have been blamed for low productivity.30 In the authors view, the most important way to solve the problem under discussion is to（A）take some measures to make takers be more collaborative.（B） reasonably refuse or turn down some requests of the takers.（C） ask the givers to get rid of being timid, ava
30、ilable as well as sympathetic.（D）make the concept of generosity well understood and practised by employees.30 Texting has long been lamented as the downfall of the written word, “penmanship for illiterates,“ as one critic called it. To which the proper response is LOL. Texting properly isnt writing
31、at allits actually more akin to spoken language. And its a “spoken“ language that is getting richer and more complex by the year.Historically, talking came first; writing is just an artifice that came along later. While talk is largely subconscious and rapid, writing is deliberate and slow. Over tim
32、e, writers took advantage of this and started crafting sentences such as this one, from The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire: “The whole engagement lasted above 12 hours, till the gradual retreat of the Persians was changed into a disorderly flight, of which the shameful example was given by the
33、 principal leaders and the Surenas himself.“No one talks like that casuallyor should. But it is natural to desire to do so for special occasions. In the old days, we didnt much write like talking because there was no mechanism to reproduce the speed of conversation. But texting and instant messaging
34、 doand a revolution has begun. It involves the brute mechanics of writing, but in its economy, spontaneity and even vulgarity, texting is actually a new kind of talking. There is a virtual cult of concision and little interest in capitalization or punctuation. The argument that texting is “poor writ
35、ing“ is analogous, then, to one that the Rolling Stones is “bad music“ because it doesnt use violas.Texting is developing its own kind of grammar. Take LOL. It doesnt actually mean “laughing out loud“ in a literal sense anymore. LOL has evolved into something much subtler and sophisticated and is us
36、ed even when nothing is remotely amusing. Jocelyn texts “Where have you been?“ and Annabelle texts back “LOL at the library studying for two hours.“ LOL signals basic empathy between texters, easing tension and creating a sense of equality. Instead of having a literal meaning, it does something conv
37、eying an attitudejust like the -ed ending conveys past tense rather than “meaning“ anything. LOL, of all things, is grammar.Civilization is finepeople banging away on their smartphones are fluently using a code separate from the one they use in actual writing, and there is no evidence that texting i
38、s ruining composition skills. Worldwide people speak differently from the way they write, and textingquick, casual and only intended to be read onceis actually a way of talking with your fingers.31 The phrase “penmanship for illiterates“(Line 1, Para. 1)implies that（A）texting is language degradation
39、.（B） texting is a disgrace to literature.（C） texting is responsible for illiteracy.（D）texting is more spoken than written.32 According to the text, which of the following statements is true of writing?（A）Writing is merely a duplicate of talking.（B） Writing is less important than talking.（C） Writing
40、is formal and carefully-worded.（D）Writing was separated from talking in the past.33 The Rolling Stones is cited in paragraph 3 to（A）criticize the vulgarity of rock music.（B） indicate that texting is a revolution.（C） imply that texting is no poor writing.（D）show the cult of concision in texting.34 We
41、 learn from the text that texting is（A）more delicate and complicated than writing.（B） different from writing in grammatical uses.（C） responsible for the degradation of writing skills.（D）more of “talking“ style than “writing“ style.35 The authors attitude towards texting is one of（A）criticism.（B） app
42、roval.（C） skepticism.（D）objectiveness.35 Money corrupts, they say, and now theres a study that shows why people get so sneaky when it comes to making a profit. The research, which was published in the journal Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, revealed that people doubled the numb
43、er of lies they told in order to earn extra cash if they were first prompted to think about money.The study involved more than 300 business students who participated in several experiments, all of which showed that cuing people to consider money increased either unethical intentions or actions. “Our
44、 research suggests that we may be vulnerable to some influences that were not aware of,“ says study co-author Kristen Smith-Crowe, “Our moral behavior may be affected by things in the environment that we have no idea are affecting us.“ “The main point is a wow findingthat small and unnoticeable remi
45、nders of money can produce lying, cheating, and essentially stealing 10 minutes later. That is really fascinating,“ says Kathleen Vohs, professor of marketing at the University of Minnesota, who has conducted similar research but was not associated with this study.Why would thoughts of money increas
46、e misbehavior? “Money cues trigger this business decision frame like seeing the world only through a cost/benefit analysis and the significance is that were not considering other things like moral issues,“ says Smith-Crowe.The research adds to prior work connecting wealth, greed and unethical behavi
47、or; one series of studies found that those who were rich were more likely to engage in sketchy actions, ranging from shoplifting, cutting people off in their cars to lying to job seekers to giving less to charity proportionally than those who were less well off.In one study, this connection was expl
48、ained almost entirely by the more common belief among the wealthy that greedor love of moneywas good, and an admirable quality, rather than by class itself. When the research was published, author Paul Piff of the University of California in Berkeley remarked, “Were not arguing that rich people are
49、bad at all, but that psychological features of wealth have these natural effects.“That may explain why money is so often seen as corrupting and having a negative influence on peoples behavior. That doesnt bode well for a population living in an increasingly uncertain and highly unequal economy, where more relationships have become transactional and the “just business“ strategy, rather than a morally driven one, seems to make more sense. “A lot of th
