1、考研英语（一）模拟试卷 177 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 0 Ernest Hemingway was one of the most important American writers in the history of contemporary American literature. He was the【B1】
2、_ spokesperson for the Lost Generation and also the sixth American to win the Nobel Prize for Literature (1954). His writing style and personal life【B2】_ a【B3】_ influence on American writers of his time.Hemingway was born on July 21, 1899 in a doctors family in Oak Park, in the【B4】_ of Chicago. The
3、novel【B5】_ established Hemingways【B6】_ was The Sun Also Rises (1926). The story described a group of 【B7】_ Americans and Britons living in France. That is to【B8 】_, it described the life of the members of the【B9】_ Lost Generation after World War I. Hemingways second major novel was A Farewell to Arm
4、s (1929) , a love story 【B10】_ in wartime Italy. That novel was 【B11】_ by Death in the Afternoon (1932) and Green Hills of Africa (1935). His two【B12 】_ of short stories Men without Women (1927) and Winner Take Nothing (1933) established his fame【B13】_ the master of short stories.In the late 1930s,
5、Hemingway began to express【B14 】_ about social problems. His novel To Have and Have Not (1937) 【B15 】_ economic and political injustices. The novel For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940) 【B16】_ the conflict of the Spanish Civil War. In 1952, Hemingway published The Old Man and the Sea, for【B17】_ he won the
6、1953 Pulitzer Prize. In 1954, Hemingway was【B18】_ the Nobel Prize of Literature. Later, being【B19】_ and ill, he shot【B20】_ on July 2,1961.1 【B1 】（A）outstanding（B） monotonous（C） awkward（D）modest2 【B2 】（A）simulated（B） exerted（C） stimulated（D）exceeded3 【B3 】（A）offensive（B） progressive（C） nominal（D）prof
7、ound4 【B4 】（A）suburbs（B） summit（C） mall（D）circus5 【B5 】（A）in that（B） what（C） whose（D）that6 【B6 】（A）institution（B） villa（C） reputation（D）pursuit7 【B7 】（A）ambitious（B） expatriate（C） learned（D）wealthy8 【B8 】（A）speak（B） observe（C） say（D）remark9 【B9 】（A）so-called（B） registered（C） refined（D）classical10 【B
8、10 】（A）set（B） published（C） sold（D）cited11 【B11 】（A）incorporated（B） combined（C） followed（D）shadowed12 【B12 】（A）volumes（B） collections（C） sections（D）chapters13 【B13 】（A）for（B） of（C） by（D）as14 【B14 】（A）courage（B） fear（C） concern（D）confidence15 【B15 】（A）commended（B） eliminated（C） condemned（D）assessed16
9、【B16 】（A）portrayed（B） quenched（C） evaluated（D）resolved17 【B17 】（A）that（B） which（C） whom（D）what18 【B18 】（A）granted（B） offered（C） awarded（D）provided19 【B19 】（A）depressed（B） hesitant（C） legitimate（D）sensitive20 【B20 】（A）one（B） him（C） oneself（D）himselfPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Ans
10、wer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)20 The battle between Apple and law enforcement officials over unlocking a terrorists smart-phone is the climax of a slow turning of the tables between the technology industry and the United States government.On the one side, you
11、 have the United States government s mighty legal and security apparatus fighting for data of the most sympathetic sort: the secrets buried in a dead mass murderers phone. The action stems from a federal court order issued on Tuesday requiring Apple to help the F.B.I. unlock an iPhone used by one of
12、 the two attackers who killed 14 people in San Bernardino, Calif, in December.In the other corner is the world s most valuable company, whose chief executive, Timothy D. Cook, has said he will appeal the court s order. Apple argues that it is fighting to preserve a principle that most of us who are
13、addicted to our smartphones can defend: Weaken a single iPhone so that its contents can be viewed by the American government and you risk weakening all iPhones for any government intruder, anywhere.There will probably be months of legal tussling, and it is not at all clear which side will prevail in
14、 court, nor in the battle for public opinion and legislative favor.Yet underlying all of this is a simple dynamic: Apple, Google, Facebook and other companies hold most of the cards in this confrontation. They have our data, and their businesses depend on the global public s collective belief that t
15、hey will do everything they can to protect that data.Any crack in that front could be fatal for tech companies that must operate worldwide. If Apple is forced to open up an iPhone for an American law enforcement investigation, what s to prevent it from doing so for a request from the Chinese or the
16、Iranians? Once armed with a method for gaining access to iPhones, the government could ask to use it proactively, before a suspected terrorist at tackleaving Apple in a bind as to whether to comply or risk an attack and suffer a public-relations nightmare.Yet it s worth noting that even if Apple ult
17、imately loses this case, it has plenty of technical means to close a backdoor over time. “If theyre anywhere near worth their salt as engineers, I bet theyre rethinking their threat model as we speak,“ said Jonathan Zdziarski, who studies the iPhone and its vulnerabilities.21 In Paragraph 1, “a slow
18、 turning of the tables“ probably means_.（A）fighting under the table（B） reversing a situation slowly（C） beating the opponent slowly（D）performing a good drama22 What is the United States government fighting for?（A）The strong legal and security power.（B） The basic rights of the poor.（C） The data in a b
19、ad guy s phone.（D）The authority of the federal court.23 Which of the following is NOT true according to Paragraphs 3-4?（A）Apple is against the courts order.（B） Apple claims it s fighting for most people s benefits.（C） Apple thinks it does matter to protect the data from any government intruder.（D）Ap
20、ple has got support from the court and the public.24 The reasons for Apple to protect these data exclude_.（A）its business depends on these data（B） it s fatal to unlock these data for Apple（C） every government wants to get these data（D）the unlock of these data will bring Apple into a dilemma25 Accord
21、ing to the text, which side will win the fight?（A）Tech companies.（B） The United States government.（C） It s not clear.（D）There is no winner.25 If you watched a certain swimmers Rio Games debut on Sunday night, when he propelled the United States 4100-meter relay team to a gold medal, you know the ans
22、wer: Michael Phelps. While it may look like the athletes have been in a bar fight, the purple dots actually are signs of “cupping,“ an ancient Chinese healing practice that is experiencing an Olympic moment.In cupping, practitioners of the healing techniqueor sometimes the athletes themselves place
23、specialized cups on the skin. Then they use either heat or an air pump to create suction between the cup and the skin, pulling the skin slightly up and away from the underlying muscles. The suction typically lasts for only a few minutes, but its enough time to cause the capillaries just beneath the
24、surface to rupture, creating the circular, eye-catching bruises that have been so visible on Phelps as well as members of the United States mens gymnastics team.Physiologically, cupping is thought to draw blood to the affected area, reducing soreness and speeding healing of overworked muscles. Athle
25、tes who use it swear by it, saying it keeps them injury free and speeds recovery. Phelps posted an Instagram photo showing himself stretched on a table as his Olympic swimming teammate Allison Schmitt placed several cups along the back of his thighs. “Thanks for my cupping today!“ he wrote.While the
26、res no question that many athletes, coaches and trainers believe in the treatment, theres not much science to determine whether cupping offers a real physiological benefit or whether the athletes simply are enjoying a placebo effect. “A placebo effect is present in all treatments, and I am sure that
27、 it is substantial in the case of cupping as well,“ said Leonid Kalichman, a senior lecturer at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev in Israel. “A patient can feel the treatment and has marks after it, and this can contribute to a placebo effect.“One 2012 study of 61 people with chronic neck pain comp
28、ared cupping to a technique called progressive muscle relaxation, or PMR, during which a patient deliberately tenses his muscles and then focuses on relaxing them. About half the patients used cupping while the other half used PMR. Both patient groups reported similar reductions in pain after 12 wee
29、ks of treatment. Notably, the patients who had used cupping scored higher on measurements of well-being and felt less pain when pressure was applied to the area. Even so, the researchers noted that more study is needed to determine the potential benefits of cupping.26 We can learn from the passage t
30、hat Michael Phelps_.（A）is involved in a bar fight（B） cups himself（C） is a member of US mens 4100-meter relay team（D）and his swimming team members have the purple dots on their shoulders27 In cupping, practitioners of the healing technique use the following EXCEPT_.（A）heat（B） a cup（C） a circle（D）an a
31、ir pump28 Which of the following is NOT the effect of cupping mentioned in the passage?（A）Curing cold.（B） Less soreness.（C） Quick recovery.（D）Avoiding getting injured.29 It can be inferred that a placebo effect occurs simply because_.（A）it has been proved by science（B） patients have the expectation
32、that it will be helpful（C） patients usually are athletes, coaches and trainers（D）it has an evident physiological effect30 From the study, we know that compared with progressive muscle relaxation(PMR), cupping_.（A）has more potential benefits for health（B） needs more time of treatment（C） is more popul
33、ar among people（D）is more effective for people with chronic neck pain30 When it comes to Barbie s body, it will no longer be one size fits all. On Thursday, Mattel unveiled curvy, petite and tall versions of its iconic fashion doll whose unrealistically thin shape has attracted criticism for decades
34、. The three body types will also be sold in an assortment of skin tones, eye colors and hairstyles.The move is about more than just making Barbie look different. While Barbie was once Mattels powerhouse brand, sales have plummeted in recent years as the doll has struggled to remain relevant to littl
35、e girls who do not look like her and who play with toys other than dolls. “This is about drawing a wider demographic that had turned away from Barbie back to Barbie,“ said Jim Silver, the editor of a toy review website.But some industry experts and academics have long doubted that cosmetic changeswh
36、ether racial or body shapescan revive the popularity of the 57-year-old Barbie, whose sales have been declining by double-digits in recent years. Executives have been optimistic, pointing to signs that Barbie s in-store sales began picking up last year.The slumping sales may also be partly attribute
37、d to the shift away from traditional toys toward electronics and games in recent years, as many parents and children have clamored for less gender-specific toys. Even Lego, the world s top toymaker, has had to alter its strategy and some of its building block lines to accommodate the growth in the m
38、arket for learning toys that appeal to boys and girls. Faced with weakening sales in its core brands like Barbie, and criticism that it was too slow to pick up on trends, Mattel has undertaken a number of efforts to improve innovation.Barbie s new shapes also coincide with a progressive cultural shi
39、ft already underway in stores and the toy aisles. Parents and many health experts have complained that too many dolls, models and even clothing companies conform to an extremely thin, even anorexic, body type and have pressured corporations to offer a broader variety of images and apparel sizes to g
40、ive girls and boys more confidence in their own body shapes.And some parents, concerned about negative gender stereotypes(a racecar for a son, a princess doll for a daughter), have pushed retailers into more gender-neutral territory. The Disney Store, for example, decided to label all of its childre
41、ns Halloween costumes as “for kids,“ as opposed to for boys or girls. Amazon, which by some measures accounts for more than half of all online sales, has banished gender distinctions for its toys.31 According to Jim Silver, Barbie adds curvy, petite and tall to body shapes in order to_.（A）make Barbi
42、e look different in skin tones, eye colors and hairstyles（B） cater to girls who do not look like Barbie and who play with other toys（C） let a wider range of people who lose interest in Barbie like Barbie again（D）let more people from different countries who have never known Barbie love Barbie32 What
43、do some industry experts and academics think of Barbie s change?（A）It s too old for Barbie to vary its race and body shapes.（B） The change of makeup may not make Barbie popular again.（C） Barbie can not be in accordance with customer preferences.（D）Barbie can represent more girls with different racia
44、l and body shapes.33 Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 4?（A）Electronics and games tend to be less gender-specific.（B） Lego will offer girls more career-oriented toys.（C） Lego will shift all of its energies to producing learning toys.（D）Mattel is not good at using new technology a
45、nd innovative approach.34 According to the passage, parents and many health experts_.（A）complain that there are too many dolls and models（B） think that an extremely thin body type is comfortable（C） force clothing company to bring pressure to other corporations（D）hope that children are more confident
46、 of their own body shapes35 The introduction of Disney and Amazon helps to illustrate that_.（A）they try to help kids build self-confidence（B） there is no basis for some parents concerns（C） they reject the negative gender stereotypes from the start（D）there are some clothes and toys that are less gend
47、er-specific in retail stores35 Many of the tech industrys biggest companies, like Amazon, Google, IBM and Microsoft, are jockeying to become the leader for artificial intelligence(A.I.). In the industrys term, the companies are engaged in a “platform war.“A platform, in technology, is essentially a
48、piece of software that other companies build on and that consumers cannot do without. Become the platform and huge profits will follow. Microsoft dominated personal computers because its Windows software became the center of the consumer software world. Google has come to dominate the Internet throu
49、gh its ubiquitous search bar. If true believers in A.I. are correct that this long-promised technology is ready for the mainstream, the company that controls A.I. could steer the tech industry for years to come. “Whoever wins this race will dominate the next stage of the information age,“ said Pedro Domingos, a machine learning specialist and the author of “The Master Algorithm,“ a 2015 book that
