1、考研英语（一）模拟试卷 188 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 0 Twice a year, in spring and autumn, Londons fashionistas go【B1】_at the second of the worlds “big four“ fashion weeks. From Septemb
2、er 16th to the 21st, 68 catwalk shows【B2】_the wares of mainly British-based designers, with celebrities【B3】_attendance. A study by Oxford Economics for the British Fashion Council (BFC) found that the business 【B4 】_about 21 billion to GDP directly, twice as much as car making. High fashion【 B5】_for
3、 only a fraction of that, but top-end, trend-setting design sits at the heart of the broader retail market. The BFC, which stages London Fashion Week,【B6】_that its six days will have yielded perhaps 100 million in orders.More than that, fashion is【B7】_the sort of thing Britain is supposed to be good
4、 at in this post-industrial age: creative, high-value-added, cluster-based.【B8 】 _the country does excel.But there are characteristically British【B9】_, too. Many【B10】_have trouble【B11】_their ideas into cash. This is only partly【B12】_capital is hard to come by. “Here, its all about【B13】_. In other pl
5、aces its much【B14】_of a business,“ says a Central St Martins student who has worked in France. The a-gent for a number of new designers【B15】_: “Young designers here just make【B16】_inspires them【B17】 _thinking enough about how much theyll have to【B18】_for it. or who will buy it.“ A great many fold af
6、ter a few years.A big【B19】_now is to conquer developing markets【B20】_developing-world fashion houses conquer Britain. The BFC is taking designers to Hong Kong next month, and to Beijing and Shanghai next year, says Harold Tillman, its chairman.1 【B1 】（A）crazy（B） excited（C） lunatic（D）sad2 【B2 】（A）pla
7、yed（B） marketed（C） displayed（D）advertised3 【B3 】（A）on（B） as（C） to（D）in4 【B4 】（A）created（B） added（C） earned（D）spent5 【B5 】（A）accounted（B） joined（C） stood（D）made6 【B6 】（A）claims（B） estimates（C） reports（D）confirms7 【B7 】（A）about（B） not（C） never（D）just8 【B8 】（A）Then（B） But（C） And（D）So9 【B9 】（A）downsides
8、（B） features（C） advantages（D）culture10 【B10 】（A）brands（B） designers（C） inspiration（D）models11 【B11 】（A）convert（B） to convert（C） converts（D）converting12 【B12 】（A）because（B） as（C） thus（D）therefore13 【B13 】（A）business（B） clothes（C） art（D）competition14 【B14 】（A）more（B） less（C） main（D）most15 【B15 】（A）cla
9、ims（B） agrees（C） protests（D）dislikes16 【B16 】（A）what（B） that（C） when（D）who17 【B17 】（A）no（B） without（C） never（D）rarely18 【B18 】（A）charge（B） earn（C） pay（D）tip19 【B19 】（A）debate（B） trap（C） challenge（D）crisis20 【B20 】（A）as（B） when（C） after（D）beforePart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer
10、the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)20 In a famous lab trial, a chimp named Sultan put two interlocking sticks together and pulled down a bunch of bananas hanging just out of arms reach. Nearly a century later, eager tourists have conducted their own version of the exp
11、eriment. Equipped with the camera extender known as a selfie stick, they can now reach for flattering CinemaScope selfies wherever they go.Art museums have watched this development nervously, fearing damage to their collections or to visitors, as users swing their sticks. Now they are taking action.
12、 One by one, museums across the United States have been imposing bans on using selfie sticks for photographs inside galleries (adding them to existing rules on umbrellas, rucksacks, tripods and monopods), yet another example of how controlling overcrowding has become part of the museum mission.The H
13、irshhorn Museum in Washington prohibited the sticks this month, and the Museum of Fine Arts in Houston plans to impose a ban. In New York, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, which has been studying the matter for some time, has just decided that it, too, will forbid selfie sticks. “From now on, you wil
14、l be asked quietly to put it away,“ said Sree Sreenivasan, the chief digital officer at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. “It s one thing to take a picture at arm s length, but when it is three times arms length, you are invading someone elses personal space.“The personal space of other visitors is ju
15、st one problem. The artwork is another. “We do not want to have to put all the art under glass,“ said Deborah Ziska, the chief of public information at the National Gallery of Art in Washington, which has been quietly enforcing a ban on selfie sticks but is in the process of adding it formally to it
16、s printed guidelines for visitors.Last but not least is the threat to the camera operator, intent on capturing the perfect shot and oblivious to the surroundings. “If people are not paying attention in the Temple of Dendur, they can end up in the water with the crocodile sculpture,“ Mr. Sreenivasan
17、said. “We have so many balconies you could fall from, and stairs you can trip on.“21 In the first paragraph, the author suggests that（A）Sultan is as smart as human beings.（B） tourists are easy to indulge in self-pity.（C） nowadays people use selfie sticks to get things out of reach.（D）camera extender
18、s are useful to people as interlocking sticks to Sultan.22 Recently, the newly-added items that are banned by museums in the US are（A）backpacks.（B） umbrellas.（C） selfie sticks.（D）supporting equipment for cameras.23 That US museums impose bans on using selfie sticks rea veals that（A）visitors are over
19、crowded in museums.（B） existing rules dont work.（C） museums are taking action.（D）people like to wave the sticks.24 According to Sree Sreenivasan, when selfie-stick users take pictures, they（A）should keep quiet.（B） may be easily distracted.（C） cannot stretch arms three times.（D）capture the shots of b
20、alconies and stairs.25 Selfie sticks have been baned in case of all the following problems EXCEPT（A）invasion of personal space.（B） damage to the artwork.（C） waste of printed guidelines.（D）danger to camera users.25 In his “Odyssey“, Homer immortalized the idea of resisting temptation by having the pr
21、otagonist tied to the mast of his ship, to hear yet not succumb to the beautiful, dangerous songs of the Sirens. Researchers have long been intrigued as to whether this ability to avoid, or defer, gratification is related to outcomes in life. The best-known test is the “marshmallow“ experiment, in w
22、hich children who could refrain from eating the confection for 15 minutes were given a second one. Children who could not wait tended to have lower incomes and poorer health as adults. New research suggests that kids who are unable to delay rewards are also more likely to become criminals later.Rece
23、ntly, four researchers used data from a Swedish survey in which more than 13,000 children aged 13 were asked whether they would prefer to receive $140 now or $1,400 in five years time.About four-fifths of them said they were prepared to wait.Unlike previous researchers, the authors were able to trac
24、k all the children and account for their parental background and cognitive ability. They found that the 13-year-olds who wanted the smaller sum of money at once were 32% more likely to be convicted of a crime during the next 18 years than those children who said they would rather wait for the bigger
25、 reward. Individuals who are impatient, they believe, prefer instant benefits and are therefore less likely to be deterred by potential punishments.But those who fret that a person s criminal path is set already as a teenager should not despair. The four researchers offer a remedy. When the responde
26、nts education was included in the analysis, they found that higher educational attainment was linked to a preference for delayed gratification.Educational attainment and patience are related either because patience helps students to do better or because schooling makes people more likely to postpone
27、 rewards. Fortunately, there is evidence in support of the latter theory. Francisco Perez-Arce of the RAND Corporation, a think-tank, interviewed around 2,000 applicants for Mexican universities. The students had similar credentials but some obtained admission through a lottery to a university that
28、did not charge tuition fees, whereas the rest had to apply elsewhere. As a result, a higher proportion of lottery-winners than losers went to college. After a year, Mr. Perez-Arce found, the lottery-winners were more patient than the losers. Since the process was random, he concluded that higher edu
29、cation can make people place more weight on the future.26 The “marshmallow“ experiment is a test about（A）accepting temptation.（B） avoiding outcomes.（C） deferring gratification.（D）eating the confection.27 All of the following make the new research differ from the previous ones EXCEPT（A）the researcher
30、s tracked all the subjects.（B） the researchers surveyed a much wider range of children.（C） the researchers explained the children s parental background.（D）the researchers considered the parents cognitive ability.28 It is believed that individuals who are impatient（A）tend to get benefits at once.（B）
31、are able to delay rewards.（C） would rather wait for the bigger reward.（D）are probably deterred by potential punishments.29 People who fret that a persons criminal path is set already can take the remedial action of（A）keeping healthy.（B） attaining higher incomes.（C） receiving higher education.（D）avoi
32、ding punishments.30 It is concluded that educational attainment and patience are related because（A）patience helps students to do better.（B） gratification is delayed by receiving higher education.（C） schooling makes people less likely to postpone rewards.（D）higher education can make people value the
33、future more.30 Many of the tech industrys biggest companies, like Amazon, Google, IBM and Microsoft, are jockeying to become the leader for artificial intelligence (A.I.). In the industrys term, the companies are engaged in a “platform war.“A platform, in technology, is essentially a piece of softwa
34、re that other companies build on and that consumers cannot do without. Become the platform and huge profits will follow. Microsoft dominated personal computers because its Windows software became the center of the consumer software world. Google has come to dominate the Internet through its ubiquito
35、us search bar. If true believers in A.I. are correct that this long-promised technology is ready for the mainstream, the company that controls A.I. could steer the tech industry for years to come. “Whoever wins this race will dominate the next stage of the information age,“ said Pedro Domingos, a ma
36、chine learning specialist and the author of “The Master Algorithm,“ a 2015 book that contends that A.I. and big-data technology will remake the world.In this fightno doubt in its early stagesthe big tech companies are engaged in tit-for-tat publicity stunts, circling the same start-ups that could pr
37、ovide the technology pieces they are missing and, perhaps most important, trying to hire the same brains. Fei-Fei Li, a Stanford University professor who is an expert in computer vision, said one of her Ph.D. candidates had an offer for a job paying more than $1 million a year, and that was only one
38、 of four from big and small companies.For years, tech companies have used man-versus-machine competitions to show they are making progress on A.I. In 1997, an IBM computer beat the chess champion Garry Kasparov. Five years ago, IBM went even further when its Watson system won a three-day match on th
39、e television trivia show “Jeopardy!“ Today, Watson is the centerpiece of IBM s A.I. efforts.By 2020, the market for machine learning applications will reach $40 billion, IDC, a market research firm, estimates. And 60 percent of those applications, the firm predicts, will run on the platform software
40、 of four companiesAmazon, Google, IBM and Microsoft. Intelligent software applications will become commonplace, said Jeff Dean, a computer scientist who oversees Googles A.I. development. “And machine learning will touch every industry.“31 The reason for Microsoft controlling personal computers is t
41、hat（A）it has formed a good platform.（B） its software has gained a lot of money.（C） its Windows software became popular among consumers.（D）its software has been widely used in search bar.32 Google can steer the tech industry in the future on premise that（A）it has controlled the Internet.（B） A.I. has
42、prepared to be the mainstream.（C） it has won in the information age.（D）A.I. and big-data technology have become mature.33 The text takes “Fei-Fei Li“ as an example in Paragraph 3 to show that（A）the competition between tech companies is fierce.（B） the candidates from famous universities are more popu
43、lar.（C） the higher the pay is, the more likely the candidate is to accept the offer.（D）perhaps tech companies are striving for the same talents.34 The tech companies show their progress by using（A）competitions between men and machines.（B） chess games.（C） TV shows.（D）the profitability of new products
44、.35 What s the author s attitude towards the future of A.I.?（A）Negative.（B） Positive.（C） Unclear.（D）Indifferent.35 Ellen Pao spent the last few years spotlighting the technology industry s lack of diversity, in court and beyond. Erica Baker caused a stir at Google when she started a spreadsheet last
45、 year for employees to share their salaries, highlighting the pay disparities between those of different genders doing the same job. Laura I. Go mez founded a start-up focused on improving diversity in the hiring process. Now the three are starting an effort to collect and share data to help diversi
46、fy the rank-and-file employees who make up tech companies. The nonprofit venture, called Project Include, was unveiled on Tuesday.As part of Project Include, the group plans to extract commitments from tech companies to track the diversity of their work forces over time and eventually share that dat
47、a with other start-ups. The effort will focus on start-ups that employ 25 to 1,000 workers, in the hope of spurring the companies to think about equality sooner rather than later. The project will also ask for participation from venture capital firms that advise and mentor the start-ups.Project Incl
48、ude aims to have 18 companies as part of its first cohort; a few have already signed up. The group will meet regularly for seven months to define and track specific metrics. At the end of that period, the group will publish an anonymized set of results to show the progressor lack thereofthat the sta
49、rt-ups have made around diversity.The groups push is intended to cut through techs slow pace of change on diversity. Large companies, including Google, Facebook and Microsoft, have openly admitted their failings in creating diverse work forces, and some have started programs to move the needle. But that has not seemed to spur much movement in views on the issue. In December, for instance, Michael Moritz, a partner at the venture capital firm Sequoia Ca
