1、考研英语（一）模拟试卷 189 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 0 Do people get happier or more foul-tempered as they age? Stereotypes of irritable neighbors【B1】_, scientists have been trying to a
2、nswer this question for decades, and the results have been【B2】_. Now a study of several thousand Americans born between 1885 and 1980 reveals that well-being【B3】_increases with age but overall happiness【B4 】_when a person was born.【B5 】_studies that have 【B6 】_older adults with the middle-aged and y
3、oung have sometimes found that older adults are not as happy. But these studies could not【B7 】_whether their【B8】_was because of their age or be cause of their【 B9】_life experience. The new study, published online January 24 in Psychological Science,【B10】_out the answer by examining 30 years of data
4、on thousands of Americans, including【B11 】_measures of mood and well-being, reports of job and relationship success, and objective measures of health.The researchers found, after controlling for variables【B12】_health, wealth, gender, ethnicity and education, that well-being increases over everyone s
5、 lifetime.【B13】_people who have lived through extreme hardship, such as the Great Depression,【B14】_much less happy than those who have had more【B15 】_lives. This finding helps to【B16】_why past studies have found conflicting resultsexperience【B17】_, and tough times can【B18】_an entire generation s hap
6、piness for the rest of their lives. The【B19】_news is,【B20】_we ve lived through, we can all look forward to feeling more content as we age.1 【B1 】（A）aside（B） besides（C） alike（D）likely2 【B2 】（A）worrying（B） revealing（C） appealing（D）conflicting3 【B3 】（A）nevertheless（B） hence（C） indeed（D）accordingly4 【B4
7、 】（A）resides with（B） rests with（C） depends on（D）reckons on5 【B5 】（A）Preceding（B） Later（C） Following（D）Previous6 【B6 】（A）related（B） compared（C） matched（D）associated7 【B7 】（A）detect（B） discover（C） derive（D）discern8 【B8 】（A）unwillingness（B） insecurity（C） discontent（D）incompetence9 【B9 】（A）abundant（B） c
8、ommon（C） different（D）limited10 【B10 】（A）teased（B） ruled（C） left（D）marked11 【B11 】（A）psychological（B） biological（C） medical（D）physical12 【B12 】（A）along with（B） such as（C） apart from（D）instead of13 【B13 】（A）But（B） Thus（C） Even（D）Then14 【B14 】（A）start on（B） start over（C） start off（D）start up15 【B15 】（A
9、）strenuous（B） comfortable（C） unstable（D）meaningful16 【B16 】（A）exhibit（B） explain（C） estimate（D）establish17 【B17 】（A）emerges（B） recurs（C） expands（D）matters18 【B18 】（A）influence（B） boost（C） delay（D）enrich19 【B19 】（A）surprising（B） bad（C） latest（D）good20 【B20 】（A）though（B） no matter what（C） while（D）no m
10、atter howPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)20 How best to solve the pollution problems of a city sunk so deep within sulfurous clouds that it was described as hell on earth? Simply answered: Relocate all urban s
11、moke-creating industry and encircle the metropolis of London with sweetly scented flowers and elegant hedges.In fact, as Christine L. Corton, a Cambridge scholar, reveals in her new book, London Fog, this fragrant anti-smoke scheme was the brainchild of John Evelyn, the 17th-century diarist. King Ch
12、arles II was said to be much pleased with Evelyn s idea, and a bill against the smoky nuisance was duly drafted. Then nothing was done. Nobody at the time, and nobody right up to the middle of the 20th century, was willing to put public health above business interests.And yet its a surprise to disco
13、ver how beloved a feature of London life these multicolored fogs became. A painter, Claude Monet, fleeing besieged Paris in 1870, fell in love with Londons vaporous, mutating clouds. He looked upon the familiar mist as his reliable collaborator. Visitors from abroad may have delighted in the fog, bu
14、t homegrown artists lit candles and vainly scrubbed the grime from their gloom-filled studio windows. “Give us light!“ Frederic Leighton pleaded to the guests at a Lord Mayor s banquet in 1882, begging them to have pity on the poor painter.The more serious side of Corton s book documents how busines
15、s has taken precedence over humanity where London s history of pollution is concerned. A prevailing westerly wind meant that those dwelling to the east were always at most risk. Those who could afford it lived elsewhere. The east was abandoned to the underclass. Lord Palmerston spoke up for choking
16、East Enders in the 1850s, pointing a finger at the interests of the furnace owners. A bill was passed, but there was little change. Eventually, another connection was established: between Londons perpetual veil of smog and its citizens cozily smoldering grates. Sadly, popular World War I songs like
17、“Keep the Home Fires Burning“ didnt do much to encourage the adoption of smokeless fuel.It wasn t until what came to be known as the “Great Killer Fog“ of 1952 that the casualty rate became impossible to ignore and the British press finally took up the cause. It was left to a Member of Parliament to
18、 steer the Clean Air Act into law in 1956. Within a few years, even as the war a-gainst pollution was still in its infancy, the dreaded fog began to fade.Corton s book combines meticulous social history with a wealth of eccentric detail. Thus we learn that London s ubiquitous plane trees were chosen
19、 for their shiny, fog-resistant foliage. It s discoveries like these that make reading London Fog such an unusual and enlightening experience.21 Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 2?（A）The fragrant anti-smoke scheme was inspired by John Evelyn s child.（B） King Charles II was not a
20、ctually satisfied with Evelyn s idea.（C） The process of drafting the bill against the smoky nuisance was slow.（D）It wasnt until the middle of the 20th century that someone willingly put public health above commercial interests.22 The word “grime“ (Para. 3) is closest in meaning to（A）fog.（B） dirt.（C）
21、 frost.（D）paint.23 Which of the following would be most heavily affected by Londons pollution according to Corton s book?（A）rich dwellers in the east.（B） the underclass in the west.（C） East London s slum dwellers.（D）servants of furnace owners.24 The author mainly shows in the last but one paragraph
22、that（A）Great Killer Fog led to huge mortality.（B） The British press was also playing a big role.（C） It was a long way for the Clean Air Act to be passed.（D）reducing the air pollution worked though it was in the primary stage25 There were plane trees everywhere in London because they（A）could resist f
23、og and haze.（B） were related to social history.（C） contained a wealth of eccentric detail.（D）were shiny and beautified the environment.25 In a sweeping change to how most of its 1,800 employees are paid, the Union Square Hospitality Group will eliminate tipping at Union Square Cafe and its 12 other
24、restaurants by the end of next year, the companys chief executive, Danny Meyer, said on Wednesday. The move will affect New York City businesses. The first will be the Modern, inside the Museum of Modern Art, starting next month. The others will gradually follow.A small number of restaurants around
25、the country have reduced or eliminated tipping in the last several years. Some put a surcharge on the bill, allowing the restaurants to set the pay for all their employees. Others, including Bruno Pizza, a new restaurant in the East Village, factor the cost of an hourly wage for servers into their m
26、enu prices. Union Square Hospitality Group will do the latter.The Modern will be the pilot restaurant, Mr. Meyer said, because its chef, Abram Bissell, has been agitating for higher pay to attract skilled cooks. The average hourly wage for kitchen employees at the restaurant is expected to rise to $
27、15.25 from $11.75. Mr. Meyer said that restaurants such as his needed to stay competitive as the state moved to a $15 minimum wage for fast-food workers. If cooks wages do not keep pace with the cost of living, he said, “it s not going to be sustainable to attract the culinary talent that the city n
28、eeds to keep its edge.“ Mr. Meyer said he hoped to be able to raise pay for junior dining room managers and for cooks, dishwashers and other kitchen workers.The wage gap is one of several issues cited by restaurateurs who have deleted the tip line from checks. Some believe it is unfair for servers p
29、ay to be affected by factors that have nothing to do with performance. A rash of class-action lawsuits over tipping irregularities, many of which have been settled for millions of dollars, is a mounting worry.Scott Rosenberg, an owner of Sushi Yasuda in Manhattan, said in an interview in 2013 that h
30、e had eliminated tipping so his restaurant could more closely follow the customs of Japan, where tipping is rare. He said he also hoped his customers would enjoy leaving the table without having to solve a math problem. While Drew Nieporent, who owns nine restaurants in New York City and one in Lond
31、on, said he doubted the average diner would accept an increase in prices. “Tipping is a way of life in this country,“ he said. “It may not be the perfect system, but its our system. Its an American system.“26 According to the first paragraph,what would happen in New York City?（A）1,800 employees of t
32、he Union Square Hospitality Group will be paid as much as before.（B） Tips in 13 restaurants of the Union Square Hospitality Groupwill be removed.（C） All the business will be affected by Danny Meyers action and eliminate tipping.（D）There will be a new tipping system in the Modern, inside the Museum o
33、f Modern Art.27 By “do the latter“ (Para. 2), the writer probably means Union Square Hospitality Group will（A）reduce tips.（B） decrease prices.（C） explain that prices include “hospitality“.（D）provide blank lines for tips on checks.28 Why does Danny Meyer make the Modern be the first restaurant to eli
34、minate tipping?（A）Tips can not be distributed to its skilled cooks.（B） Its chef argues strongly for higher pay to attract culinary talents.（C） The wages its cooks earn do not keep pace with the cost of living.（D）Compensation chefs receive remains roughly the same with servers.29 It is believed that
35、customer service workers may NOT receive tips based on（A）their service.（B） the weather.（C） race and age.（D）their customer s moods.30 The author s attitude towards tips elimination seems to be（A）favorable.（B） skeptical.（C） uncertain.（D）objective.30 Institutions of higher learning must move, as the hi
36、storian Walter Russell Mead puts it, from a model of “time served“ to a model of “stuff learned.“ Because increasingly the world does not care what you know. Everything is on Google. The world only cares, and will only pay for, what you can do with what you know. And therefore it will not pay for a
37、C-plus in chemistry, just because your state college considers that a passing grade and was willing to give you a diploma. We re moving to a more competency-based world, where there will be less interest in how you acquired the compe tency and more demand to prove that you mastered the competency.Th
38、erefore, we have to get beyond the current system of information and deliverythe professorial “sage on the stage“ and students taking notes, followed by a superficial assessment, to one in which students are asked and empowered to master more basic material online at their own pace, and the classroo
39、m becomes a place where the application of that knowledge can be honed through lab experiments and discussions with the professor.There seemed to be a strong consensus that this “blended model“ combining online lectures with a teacher-led classroom experience was the ideal. Last fall, San Jose State
40、 used the online lectures and interactive exercises of MIT s introductory online Circuits and Electronics course. Students would watch the MIT lectures and do the exercises at home. Then in class, the first 15 minutes were reserved for questions and answers with the San Jose State professor, and the
41、 last 45 were devoted to problem-solving and discussion. Preliminary numbers indicate that those passing the class went from nearly 60 percent to about 90 percent.We demand that plumbers and kindergarten teachers be certified to do what they do, but there is no requirement that college professors kn
42、ow how to teach. No more. The world of MOOCs (Massive Open Online Courses) is creating a competition that will force every professor to improve his or her pedagogy or face an online competitor.Bottom line: There is still huge value in the residential college experience and the teacher-student and st
43、udent-student interactions it facilitates. But to thrive, universities will have to nurture even more of those unique experiences while blending in technology to improve education outcomes in measurable ways at lower costs. We still need more research on what works, but standing still is not an opti
44、on.31 Institutions of higher learning must shift models because the world cares（A）the knowledge you have acquired in the college.（B） the time you put into study and action.（C） the way you master the learning ability.（D）the things you can handle with your knowledge.32 Which of the following does the
45、current system of information and delivery in higher education NOT include?（A）Students write down the key points.（B） Professors give online lectures.（C） A simple assessment about teaching is made.（D）Professors give lectures in the front of classroom.33 According to Paragraph 3, we can learn that onl
46、ine lectures in San Jose State last fall（A）took an hour for each lecture.（B） were followed by classroom experiences.（C） surpassed classroom experiences in teaching effect.（D）were the first step to get a degree in Circuits and Electronics course.34 What does the author mean by “No more“ in Paragraph
47、4?（A）College professors are forced to improve his pedagogy.（B） There is no competition among college students.（C） Teaching capacity of college professors can be assessed.（D）There is no need for plumbers and kindergarten teachers to obtain certification.35 The most appropriate title for this text wou
48、ld be（A）Future of Education is in Online Learning.（B） Colleges Teachers Should Take a Back Seat.（C） We Should Move the Research on Education forward.（D）Information Technology Promote Students Learning.35 Bill Gates was 20 years old. Steve Jobs was 21. Warren Buffett was 26. Ralph Lauren was 28. Este
49、e Lauder was 29.These now iconic names were all 20-somethings when they started their companies that would throw them, and their enterprises, into some of the biggest successes ever known. Consider this: many of the truly remarkable innovations of the latest generationa list that includes Google, Face-book and Twitterwere all founded by people under 30. The number of people in their mid-20s disrupting entire industries, taking on jobs usually re
