1、考研英语（一）模拟试卷 190 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 0 The Earths daily clock, measured in a single revolution, is twenty-four hours. The human clock,【B1】_, is actually about twenty-fiv
2、e hours. Thats【B2 】 _scientists who study sleep have determined from human subjects who live for several weeks in observation chambers with no【B3】_of day or night. Sleep researchers have【B4】_other surprising discoveries as well.We spend about one-third of our lives asleep, a fact that suggests sleep
3、ing,【B5】_eating and breathing, is a fundamental life process. Yet some people almost never sleep, getting by on as【B6】_as fifteen minutes a day. And more than seventy years of【B7】_into sleep deprivation, in which people have been kept【B8】_for three to ten days, has【B9】_only one certain finding: Slee
4、p loss makes a person sleepy and thats about all; it causes no lasting ill【 B10】_. Too much sleep, however, may be【B11】_for you.These findings【B12】_some long-held views of sleep, and they【B13】_questions about its fundamental purpose in our lives. In【B14】_, scientists dont know just why sleep is nece
5、ssary.Some scientists think sleep is more the result of evolutionary habit than【B15】_actual need, Animals sleep for some parts of the day perhaps because it is the【B16】_thing for them to do: it keeps them【B17】_and hidden from predators; its a survival tactic. Before the advent of electricity, humans
6、 had to spend at least some of each day in【B18】_and had little reason to question the reason or need for【B19】_. But the development of the electroencephalograph and the resulting discovery in 1937 of dramatic【B20】_in brain activity between sleep and wakefulness opened the way for scientific inquiry
7、in the subject.1 【B1 】（A）however（B） otherwise（C） likewise（D）therefore2 【B2 】（A）the（B） what（C） because（D）many3 【B3 】（A）idea（B） feeling（C） sense（D）judgment4 【B4 】（A）come up against（B） come down to（C） come up with（D）come up to5 【B5 】（A）with（B） like（C） unlike（D）as6 【B6 】（A）little（B） much（C） few（D）long7
8、【B7 】（A）probe（B） investigation（C） research（D）examination8 【B8 】（A）asleep（B） sleepy（C） active（D）awake9 【B9 】（A）ignored（B） yielded（C） recognized（D）excluded10 【B10 】（A）effects（B） affections（C） influences（D）impacts11 【B11 】（A）useful（B） good（C） bad（D）harmful12 【B12 】（A）challenge（B） deny（C） doubt（D）disput
9、e13 【B13 】（A）evade（B） settle（C） raise（D）release14 【B14 】（A）addition（B） fact（C） line（D）short15 【B15 】（A）from（B） an（C） the（D）of16 【B16 】（A）worst（B） best（C） only（D）natural17 【B17 】（A）comfortable（B） calm（C） quiet（D）excited18 【B18 】（A）coldness（B） warmth（C） darkness（D）shade19 【B19 】（A）sleep（B） work（C） foo
10、d（D）clothes20 【B20 】（A）differences（B） similarities（C） resemblance（D）oppositesPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)20 At a party for Ms. magazine s 40th birthday, the Canadian writer Ann Dowsett Johnston waited for
11、an audience with Gloria Steinem, hoping to cull wisdom for her research on women and alcohol. “Alcohol?“ Steinem said to Johnston, looking “dismissive.“ “Alcohol is not a womens issue.“Steinem may have been hasty. We know that many women report drinking more often in recent decades, that they are dr
12、inking more when they do, and that the physiological impact and social meaning of it all is different for women than for men. Women are the engine of growth for the American wine market and are being arrested for drunken driving more often than before. How much alarm should be invested in those obse
13、rvations is up for debate in both Johnstons book, Drink: The Intimate Relationship Between Women and Alcohol, and Her Best-Kept Secret: Why Women Drinkand How They Can Regain Control, by the American journalist Gabrielle Glaser, the second of which makes the more pointed case.Johnston turns in part
14、to gauzy memory to make the case that female alcohol consumption is the negative byproduct of modern complexities and the pressure for women to be “perfect.“ “I dont remember my grandmothers suffering from this syndrome,“ she asserts. “Women who raised families during the Depression, who baked and g
15、ardened and read well; who were fundamentally happy, and felt no pressure to look like stick figures.“ Well. Depression-era womens lives were more circumscribed and less weighted with the pretext of “choice,“ sure. But were these women, all in all, “fundamentally happy“? And were they less eager for
16、 a fix when they could get it?A temptation for many trend journalists and headline writers is to see women s higher rates of alcohol abuse and dependency as the uneasy consequence of female liberation. Glaser acknowledges that alcohol provides a form of self-medication during a time of dizzying chan
17、ges in womens lives, but she is skeptical of the notion that alcohol abuse is the price of too much liberation. Her concise assessment: “Women are drinking more because they can.“ Indeed, whereas Johnston often casts women as the victims of institutions, Glaser seems more interested in asking why in
18、stitutions arent serving womens needs better. Either way, whats at stake is how we respond to the byproducts of equality that fit less comfortably on a placard.21 What can we infer from the first sentence in Paragraph 2?（A）Steinem is right.（B） Steinem is swift.（C） Women drink too fast.（D）Women relat
19、e to alcohol.22 According to Paragraph 2, which of the following is NOT true of women?（A）They are punished for drunken driving more often.（B） They drink more both in quantity and in frequency.（C） They have different influences on physiology and society.（D）They effectively promote sales of American w
20、ine market.23 Johnston believes that women are drinking NOT because of（A）side effects from it.（B） desire for perfection.（C） stress from more demands.（D）the complexity of the society.24 The author s attitude towards Johnston s opinion about why women drink is（A）convinced.（B） doubtful.（C） impartial.（D
21、）defensive.25 We may learn from the last paragraph that Glaser（A）believes that women are heavy drinkers.（B） sees alcohol abuse as the result of liberation.（C） thinks that institutions are dangerous to women.（D）regards alcohol as the engine of huge changes of the times.25 Yawning can be a problem at
22、the office for Lindsay Eierman, which makes her embarrassed. “I ve explained, Im sorry, I didn t get much sleep last night.“ says Ms Eierman, a 26-year-old social worker from Durham, North Carolina. But a lack of sleep may not be the problem.Researchers are starting to unravel the mystery surroundin
23、g the yawn, one of the most common and often embarrassing behaviours. Yawning, they have discovered, is much more complicated than previously thought. Although all yawns look the same, they appear to have many different causes and to serve a variety of functions.Yawning is believed to be a means to
24、keep our brains alert in times of stress. Contagious yawning appears to have evolved in many animal species as a way to protect family and friends, by keeping everyone in the group vigilant. Changes in brain chemistry trigger yawns, which typically last about six seconds and often occur in clusters.
25、To unravel the mystery of yawning, scientists built upon early, observed clues. Yawning tends to occur more in summer. Most people yawn upon seeing someone else do it, but infants and people with autism or schizophrenia arent so affected by this contagion effect. And certain people yawn at surprisin
26、g times, like parachutists who are about to jump out of a plane or Olympic athletes getting ready to compete.A leading hypothesis is that yawning plays an important role in keeping the brain at its cool, optimal working temperature. The brain is particularly sensitive to overheating, according to An
27、drew Gallup, an assistant professor of psychology at the State University of New York at Oneonta. Reaction times slow and memory wanes when the brain s temperature varies even less than a degree from the ideal 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit.There are some practical applications. Dr. Gallup said managers mi
28、ght want to keep in mind the brain-cooling role of yawning when a meeting is long and boring. “One way to diminish yawning frequency in an office would be to keep it air-conditioned. If it s very cold in the room, yawning rates are going to be quite low.“ Dr. Gallup said.26 Lindsay Eierman says she
29、didnt sleep well last night because（A）yawning is her problem.（B） her colleague doesnt forgive her.（C） she feels very sorry for yawning at the office.（D）she regards sleep deprivation as the reason of yawning.27 According to Paragraph 3, which of the following is NOT true about yawning?（A）it always ha
30、ppens in groups.（B） it makes people relax under pressure.（C） it is caused by changes in brain chemistry.（D）it usually lasts approximately six seconds.28 The word “contagion“ (Para. 4) most probably means（A）spreading.（B） learning.（C） protection.（D）imitation.29 According to Dr. Gallup, people in a mee
31、ting may yawn when（A）the meeting room is overheated.（B） other people around them yawn.（C） a meeting is brief and interesting.（D）the air-conditioner temperature is lowered.30 The passage mainly discusses（A）the rates of yawning.（B） the misconceptions of yawning.（C） the secrets of yawning.（D）the applic
32、ations of yawning.30 “Its such a simple thing,“ said John Spitzer, managing director of equipment standards for the United States Golf Association. “Im amazed that so many people spend so much time and energy on trying to change it.“ The simple thing to which he refers is the humble golf tee, a peg
33、made of wood that most of us grab by the handful or buy for a few pennies each, stick in our pockets, and don t give a second thought to.The road to the tee began with a Boston-area dentist named George F. Grant, who received a patent in 1899 for “an Improvement in Golf-Tees.“ Grants tees consisted
34、of a small piece of rubber tubing attached to a tapered wooden peg to be pushed into the ground. The rubber held the ball, and yielded when the club contacted it. He had them produced by a nearby manufacturing concern and gave them out to his friends but never tried to sell or market them.That fell
35、to William Lowellanother tooth doctor, co incidentallywho created the Reddy Tee in 1921. It was a one-piece implement of solid wood, painted red at the top so it could be easily found and cleverly named. He paid Walter Hagen and trick-shot artist Joe Kirkwood to endorse and use the device, and it wa
36、s a commercial success, with more than $100,000 in sales by the time it was patented in 1925.The introduction of the oversize metal driver in the 1980s led most golfers to adopt longer tees to go along with the larger and higher sweet spot of those clubs. The USGA has banned tees longer than 4 inche
37、s, a height that is well past the point of diminishing returns. Even back in the 1960s, Jack Nicklaus understood the value of teeing the ball high, which he explained by saying, “Through years of experience I have found that air offers less resistance than dirt.“Golfers who have fairly steep swings
38、(like me) break a lot of tees. We can only envy the legendary Canadian pro Moe Norman, who could play for weeks with a single tee. When his playing partners asked him how he managed to stripe his drives without dislodging the peg, he answered, “Im trying to hit the ball, not the tee.“ So are we all,
39、 Moe. So are we all.31 The sentence “most of us . a second thought to“ in the first paragraph explains that the tee is（A）portable.（B） inexpensive.（C） unimpressive.（D）easy to catch.32 According to Paragraph 2, a small piece of rubber tubing（A）can support the ball.（B） must fall when the ball is hit.（C
40、） will be pushed into the ground.（D）will be broken when being contacted.33 According to Paragraph 3, which of the following is NOT true of the Reddy Tee?（A）It is painted red at the top to befit its name.（B） Walter Hagen and Joe Kirkwood brought the patent.（C） It is invented by a dentist who tried to
41、 sell or market it.（D）The inventor spent about 4 years in obtaining a patent on it.34 Jack Nicklaus believes that golfers get longer tees to elevate the ball because（A）the longer tees are matched to the longer gulf clubs.（B） the ball is easy to get dirty in the soil than in the air.（C） the height fa
42、r exceeds the point of diminishing returns.（D）the higher sweet spot is helpful for golfers to hit the ball further.35 We may learn from the last sentence that the author（A）has done as Moe does but still fails.（B） also plays with a single tee for weeks.（C） believes that Moe doesn t tell his partners
43、the truth.（D）thinks Moe fails to understand what his partners ask.35 It is getting harder to go anywhere without stepping on a piece of Lego-related hype. The Lego Movie is number two at the American box office, after three weeks at number one. Model kits related to the film are piled high in the sh
44、ops. They will add to the already gigantic heap of Lego bits: 86 for every person on the planet. The toymaker has enjoyed ten years of spectacular growth, almost quadrupling its revenue.This is remarkable for many reasons. Lego s home town, Billund in rural Denmark, is so small that the company had
45、to provide it with a hotelan elegant one, unsurprisingly. The toy business is one of the world s trickiest: perennially faddish and, at the moment, convulsed by technological innovation. Children are growing up ever faster, and abandoning the physical world for the virtual. To cap it all, the compan
46、y almost collapsed in 2003-04, having drifted for years, diversifying into too many areas, producing too many products and, in a fit of desperation, flirting with becoming a lifestyle company, with Lego-branded clothes and watches.Lego s decade of success began when it appointed Jorgen Vig Knudstorp
47、 as chief executive. Mr. Knudstorp decreed that the company must go back to the brick: focusing on its core products, forgetting about brand-stretching, and even selling its theme parks. He also brought in stricter management controls, for example reducing the number of different pieces that the com
48、pany produced from 12,900 to 7,000.Under Mr. Knudstorp Lego has struck a successful balance between innovation and tradition. The company has to generate new ideas to keep its sales growing: customers need a reason to expand their stock of bricks, and to buy them from Lego rather than cheaper rivals
49、. Lego produces a stream of kits with ready-made designs, such as forts and spaceships, to provide children with templates. But it also insists that the pieces can be added to the child s collection of bricks, and reused to make all sorts of other things.Lego has got better at managing its relationships. The Lego Movie demonstrates how it can focus on the brick while venturing into the virtual world: Warner Bros, made the film while Lego provid
