1、考研英语（一）模拟试卷 194 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 0 The Earths daily clock, measured in a single revolution, is twenty-four hours. The human clock, 【B1】_ , is actually about twenty-f
2、ive hours. Thats 【B2】_ scientists who study sleep have determined from human subjects who live for several weeks in observation chambers with no 【B3】_ of day or night. Sleep researchers have 【B4】_ other surprising discoveries as well.We spend about one-third of our lives asleep, a fact that suggests
3、 sleeping, 【B5】 _ eating and breathing, is fundamental life process. Yet some people almost never sleep, getting by on as 【B6】_ as fifteen minutes a day. And more than seventy years of 【B7】_ into sleep deprivation, in which people have been kept 【B8】 _ for three to ten days, has yielded only one cer
4、tain findings: Sleep loss makes a person sleepy and thats about all; it causes no lasting ill 【B9】_ . Too much sleep, however, may be 【B10】_ for you.These findings 【B11】 _ some long-held views of sleep, and they raise questions about its fundamental purpose in our lives. In 【B12 】_ , scientists dont
5、 know just why sleep is necessary.“We get sleepy, and when we sleep, that sleepiness is reversed,“ Dr. Howard Roffwarg of the University of Texas in Dallas explains. “We know sleep has a function, 【B13 】_ we feel it has a function. We cant put our finger on it, but it must, 【B14 】_ in some way, dire
6、ct or indirect, have to do with rest and restitution.“Other scientists think sleep is more the result of evolutionary habit than 【B15 】_ actual need. Animals sleep for some parts of the day perhaps because it is the 【B16】_ thing for them to do: it keeps them 【B17】_ and hidden from predators; its a s
7、urvival tactic. Before the advent of electricity, humans had to spend at least some of each day in 【B18 】_ and had little reason to question the reason or need for 【B19】_ But the development of the electroencephalograph and the resulting discovery in 1937 of dramatic 【B20】_ in brain activity between
8、 sleep and wakefulness opened the way for scientific inquiry in the subject.1 【B1 】（A）however（B） furthermore（C） likewise（D）therefore2 【B2 】（A）the（B） what（C） because（D）many3 【B3 】（A）idea（B） feeling（C） sense（D）judgment4 【B4 】（A）come up against（B） come down to（C） come up with（D）come up to5 【B5 】（A）with
9、（B） like（C） unlike（D）as6 【B6 】（A）little（B） much（C） few（D）long7 【B7 】（A）probe（B） investigation（C） research（D）examination8 【B8 】（A）asleep（B） sleepy（C） active（D）awake9 【B9 】（A）effects（B） affections（C） affects（D）impacts10 【B10 】（A）useful（B） good（C） bad（D）harmful11 【B11 】（A）challenge（B） deny（C） doubt（D）d
10、ispute 12 【B12 】（A）addition（B） fact（C） line（D）short 13 【B13 】（A）if（B） because（C） like（D）provided 14 【B14 】（A）at least（B） at most（C） at best（D）at worst 15 【B15 】（A）from（B） an（C） the（D）of16 【B16 】（A）worst（B） best（C） only（D）natural17 【B17 】（A）comfortable（B） calm（C） quiet（D）excited18 【B18 】（A）coldness（B
11、） warmth（C） darkness（D）shade19 【B19 】（A）sleep（B） work（C） food（D）clothes20 【B20 】（A）differences（B） similarities（C） resemblance（D）oppositesPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)20 It seems that fear is the dominant mo
12、od of the moment. Hurricanes, tidal waves, floods, earthquakes and terrorism this year have all brought with them not only appalling scenes of devastation, death and suffering, but also outrage at the lack of preparations to avoid or cope with these disasters. Now even the birds of the air are a thr
13、eat, we are told. That migrating flock visible on the horizon at sunset, once a consoling reminder of the eternal rhythms of nature, could be carrying the virus which might soon kill tens of millions of people.Given the many fingers pointed at governments in the wake of other disasters this year, it
14、 is not surprising at all that they are scrambling to respond to the threat posed by avian influenza. After confirmation this week that the H5N1 strain of bird flu, which has been spreading quickly in Asia, had been discovered in Romania and perhaps Greece, European Union foreign ministers convened
15、an emergency meeting. President George Bush, still smarting from a torrent of criticism of his governments inefficient response to Hurricane Katrina, has promised to rush out emergency plans for coping with an outbreak of pandemic flu which have been stalled for years. Countries around the world are
16、 hurrying to stockpile the only current antiviral drug, Tamiflu, which might be effective in saving lives in any pandemic or curbing its spread. The World Health Organisation is calling for an internationally co-ordinated effort. Health ministers from around the globe are due to meet next week in Ca
17、nada to discuss what measures to take.Is any of this effort justified? Or are politicians simply helping to feed public panic, and then covering themselves by promising to spend lavishly against a threat which may never materialize and to reduce a risk which they do not understand? To ask these ques
18、tions is not to counsel complacency, but to apply the kind of test which is required in any kind of disaster planning, not least because the world is an inherently dangerous place and it is impossible to plan against every possible disaster. With the media full of warnings of impending mass death, a
19、n overreaction is all too possible.21 It can be inferred from the first paragraph that（A）strong resentment resulted from the lack of preparations to deal with recent disasters.（B） the dominant mood of the moment resulted in the appalling scenes of devastation.（C） tens of millions of people could car
20、ry the virus on the horizon.（D）reminder of the eternal rhythms of nature emerged at sunset to avoid these disasters.22 According to the text, American emergency plans for dealing with an outbreak of pandemic flu（A）have been stipulated.（B） have been enacted.（C） have been abolished.（D）have been delaye
21、d.23 Which of the following remarks on our available antiviral medication would the author make?（A）Effective but poisonous.（B） Harmful but populous.（C） Meager and not reliable.（D）Affordable and palatable.24 The phrase “not least“ in the last but one sentence of the text means（A）at most.（B） not at al
22、l.（C） marginally.（D）particularly.25 We can draw a conclusion from the last paragraph of the text that（A）strong and intense response derive from the mass media.（B） the attempts to be made can no longer be justified by their intention.（C） public panic would be diluted by politicians promise.（D）the onl
23、y remedy is to spend lavishly against a threat.25 It may be just as well for Oxford Universitys reputation that this weeks meeting of Congregation, its 3,552-strong governing body, was held in secret, for the air of civilized rationality that is generally supposed to pervade donnish conversation has
24、 lately turned fractious. That is because the vice-chancellor, the nearest thing the place has to a chief executive, has proposed the most fundamental reforms to the university since the establishment of the college system in 1249; and lots of the dons and colleges dont like it.The trouble with Oxfo
25、rd is that it is unmanageable. Its problemsthe difficulty of recruiting good dons and of getting rid of bad ones, concerns about academic standards, severe money worries at some collegesall spring from that. John Hood, who was recruited as vice-chancellor from the University of Auckland and is now p
26、robably the most-hated antipodean in British academic life, reckons he knows how to solve this, and has proposed to reduce the power of dons and colleges and increase that of university administrators.Mr. Hood is right that the universitys management structure needs an overhaul. But radical though h
27、is proposals seem to those involved in the current row, they do not go far enough. The difficulty of managing Oxford stems only partly from the nuttiness of its system of governance; the more fundamental problem consists in its relationship with the government. Thats why Mr. Hood should adopt an ide
28、a that was once regarded as teetering on the lunatic fringe of radicalism, but these days is discussed even in polite circles. The idea is independence.Oxford gets around 5,000 per undergraduate per year from the government. In return, it accepts that it can charge students only 1,150 (rising to 3,0
29、00 next year) on top of that. Since it probably costs at least 10,000 a year to teach an undergraduate, that leaves Oxford with a deficit of 4, 000 or so per student to cover from its own funds.It would lose the 52m undergraduate subsidy at least if Oxford declared independence. Could it fill the ho
30、le? Certainly. Americas top universities charge around 20,000 per student per year. The difficult issue would not be money alone: it would be balancing numbers of not-so-brilliant rich people paying top whack with the cleverer poorer ones they were cross-subsidising. Americas top universities manage
31、 it: high fees mean better teaching, which keeps competition hot and academic standards high, while luring enough donations to provide bursaries for the poor. It should be easier to extract money from alumni if Oxford were no longer state-funded.26 It can be inferred from the text that the authors a
32、ttitude toward John Hood is one of（A）strong disapproval.（B） reserved consent.（C） enthusiastic support.（D）slight contempt.27 The third paragraph implies that（A）reliance upon official subsidy has bred the current predicament of Oxford.（B） an overhaul of Oxford management structure is urgently needed.（
33、C） the nuttiness of Oxford system of governance may be easily removed.（D）the current row is essential to many in polite circle.28 The term “bursaries“ (Paragraph 5) most probably denotes（A）free stationery and accommodation.（B） sheltering and meals.（C） preferential policies.（D）scholarship or grant.29
34、 We can learn from the available statistics that（A）the current financial status of Oxford results from its being state-funded.（B） radical reforms concentrate on Oxford management structure.（C） Oxford independence might become a barrier to its recruiting good dons.（D）notorious reputation results in O
35、xford meeting of Congregation held this week.30 According to the text, the author would agree that（A）the contribution from alumni wont lure ample donation by the wealthy.（B） the civilized rationality is gradually spoiled by fractious nature.（C） the row going on in Oxford is passionate but beside the
36、 point.（D）Americans top universities are somewhat apprehensive of their current status but over-confident of their prospect.30 Increasingly, historians are blaming diseases imported from the Old World for the staggering disparity between the indigenous population of America in 1492new estimates of w
37、hich jump as high as 100 million, or approximately one-sixth of the human race at that timeand the few million full-blooded Native Americans alive at the end of the nineteenth century. There is no doubt that chronic disease was an important factor in the precipitous decline, and it is highly probabl
38、e that the greatest killer was epidemic disease, especially as manifested in virgin-soil epidemics.Virgin-soil epidemics are those in which the populations at risk have had no previous contact with the diseases that strike them and are therefore immunologically almost defenseless. That virgin-soil e
39、pidemics were important in American history is strongly indicated by evidence that a number of dangerous maladiessmallpox, measles, malaria, yellow fever, and undoubtedly several morewere unknown in the pre-Columbian New World. The effects of their sudden introduction are demonstrated in the early c
40、hronicles of America, which contain reports of horrendous epidemics and steep population declines, confirmed in many cases by recent quantitative analyzes of Spanish tribute records and other sources. The evidence provided by the documents of British and French colonies is not as definitive because
41、the conquerors of those areas did not establish permanent settlements and began to keep continuous records until the seventeenth century, by which time the worst epidemics had probably already taken place. Furthermore, the British tended to drive the native populations away, rather than to enslave t
42、hem as the Spaniards did, so that the epidemics of British America occurred beyond the range of colonists direct observation.Even so, the surviving records of North America do contain references to deadly epidemics among the native population. In 16161619 an epidemic, possibly of pneumonic plague, s
43、wept coastal New England, killing as many as nine out of ten. During the 1630s smallpox, the disease most fatal to the Native American people, eliminated half the population of the Huron and Iroquois confederations. In the 1820s fever devastated the people of the Columbia River area, killing eight o
44、ut of ten of them.Unfortunately, the documentation of these and other epidemics is slight and frequently unreliable, and it is necessary to supplement what little we do know with evidence from recent epidemics among Native Americans. For example, in 1952 an outbreak of measles among the Native Ameri
45、can inhabitants of Ungava Bay,Quebec, affected 99 percent of the population and killed 7 percent, even though some had the benefit of modern medicine. Cases such as this demonstrate that even diseases that are not normally fatal can have destroying consequences when they strike an immunologically de
46、fenseless community.31 According to the text, virgin-soil epidemics can be distinguished from other catastrophic outbreaks of disease in that virgin-soil epidemics（A）recur more frequently than chronic diseases.（B） involve populations with no prior exposure to a disease.（C） usually involve a number o
47、f interacting diseases.（D）are less responsive to medical treatment than are other diseases.32 It can be inferred from the text about Spanish tribute records that（A）they were being kept prior to the seventeenth century. （B） they mention only epidemics of smallpox.（C） they provide quantitative and qua
48、litative evidence about Native American populations.（D）they prove that certain diseases were unknown in the pre-Columbian New World.33 Which of the following can be inferred from the text concerning the Native American inhabitants of Ungava Bay ?（A）They could scarcely ward off the fatal attack by th
49、e 1952 epidemic.（B） They were immunologically defenseless against measles.（C） They were the last native people to be struck by a virgin-soil epidemic.（D）They did not come into frequent contact with White Americans until the 20th century.34 The 1952 measles outbreak is mentioned so as to（A）demonstrate the impact of modern medicine on epidemic disease.（B） refute allegations of unreliability made against the historical record of colonial America.（C） advoca
