1、考研英语（一）模拟试卷 198 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 0 Clothes play a critical part in the conclusions we reach by providing clues to who people are, who they are not, and who they woul
2、d like to be. They tell us a good【B1 】_ about the wearer s background, personality, status, mood, and 【B2】 _ on life.People tend to agree on what certain types of clothes 【B3】_. Newscasters, or the【B4】_who read the news on TV, are considered to be more【B5】_, honest, and competent when they are【B6】_c
3、onservatively. And college students who【B7】_themselves as taking an active role in their interpersonal relationships say they are【B8】_about the costumes they must wear to play these roles successfully.【B9】_, many of us can relate instances in【B10 】_the clothing we wore changed the way we felt about
4、ourselves and how we acted. Perhaps you have used clothing to gain confidence when you anticipated a【B11】_situation, such as a job interview, or a court appearance.In the workplace, men have long had well-defined precedents and role models for achieving success. It has been【B12】_for women. A good ma
5、ny women in the business world are uncertain about the appropriate mixture of “masculine“ and “feminine“【B13】_they should convey by their professional clothing. The【B14】_of clothing alternatives to women has also been greater than that 【B15 】_ for men. Male administrators tend to judge women more fa
6、vorably for managerial【B16】_when the women display【B17】_“feminine grooming“shorter hair, moderate use of make-up, and plain【B18】_clothing. As one male administrator confessed, “An【B19 】_woman is definitely going to get a longer interview,【B20】_she wont get a job.“1 【B1 】（A）amount（B） deal（C） number（D
7、）quantity2 【B2 】（A）attitude（B） viewpoint（C） outlook（D）remark3 【B3 】（A）infer（B） reveal（C） verify（D）mean4 【B4 】（A）hosts（B） announcers（C） presenters（D）reporters5 【B5 】（A）promising（B） amusing（C） convincing（D）inspiring6 【B6 】（A）dressed（B） worn（C） decorated（D）costumed7 【B7 】（A）assume（B） discern（C） view（D）
8、confirm8 【B8 】（A）worried（B） concerned（C） troubled（D）shocked9 【B9 】（A）Therefore（B） However（C） Then（D）Moreover10 【B10 】（A）which（B） that（C） it（D）this11 【B11 】（A）horrible（B） hopeful（C） special（D）stressful12 【B12 】（A）contradictory（B） otherwise（C） indifferent（D）possible13 【B13 】（A）symbols（B） criteria（C） a
9、ttributes（D）figures14 【B14 】（A）priority（B） reliability（C） demand（D）variety15 【B15 】（A）desirable（B） available（C） comparable（D）liable16 【B16 】（A）professions（B） works（C） positions（D）vacancies17 【B17 】（A）more（B） no（C） less（D）much18 【B18 】（A）tailored（B） furnished（C） knit（D）purchased19 【B19 】（A）attractive
10、（B） optimistic（C） aggressive（D）enthusiastic20 【B20 】（A）so（B） and（C） or（D）butPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)20 This week, a gaggle of girls in hot pants and miniskirts will go on a long and highly publicized s
11、trike against their employer. They will win their case, and in so doing, win a huge battle for working women everywhereushering in a new push for equal pay for women and striking a victorious blow for women s rights the world over. But in real life, the news isn t nearly that inspiring.On Wednesday,
12、 the U.S. senate failed to end debate on the paycheck fairness act. The so-called “commonsense law“ would have strengthened anti-discriminatory law put in place by the Equal Pay Act, protected employees from being fired for asking about their colleagues compensation, and created negotiation skills t
13、raining programs for girls and women.The American Association of University Women recently compared men and women with the same education, same grades, same kinds of jobs, and made the same life choices and found that women earn 5% less in the first year out of school. Ten years later, even if the w
14、omen gave up having children, they earn 12% less. In another study, Catalyst found that female first-year MBA students earn $4,600 less than their male peers in their first job. In fact, in the 47 years since the Equal Pay Act was first adopted, the pay gap has decreased from more than 40 cents to j
15、ust under 25 cents. We are literally halfway there.The republican senators voting against the act, said the act would have been bad for business. And they have been right, but not for the stated reasons. This recession is frequently called the “mancession“ and that it has led to 36% increase in the
16、number of families depending on womens earning in the last year alone, sure, those businesses may be saving money by paying women less, but is it really in the interest of the American public to allow them to save at the expense of families? At 77 cents on the dollar, women will lose an average of $
17、431,000 in pay over 40 years. Those losses could have been spent wisely. When you consider that women reinvest 90% of their income into their own community and family (just 30% to 40% that men invest), the impact could have been powerful. How is that for the common sense?21 From the first paragraph,
18、 we can infer_.（A）the strike may be just a kind of show（B） these girls are very fashionable（C） the strike will be successful（D）the government will support the strike22 Before the “commonsense law“, female employees were treated unfairly, for example,_.（A）earning less money than they deserved（B） bein
19、g fired for asking about others compensation（C） being assigned too much work（D）being denied training program for girls and women23 In Paragraph 3, the sentence “we are literally halfway there“ means_.（A）we are preparing to do something（B） we will win the battle for working women everywhere（C） we rea
20、lly have made some progress in decreasing pay gap（D）we are on the way to the scene of the strike24 The attitude of the author to the reason that republican senators offered to the vote against the act is_.（A）agreeable（B） ignorant（C） disapproving（D）consenting25 Mancession has led to the fact that_.（A
21、）employers violated Equal Pay Law（B） many families depend on women s earnings（C） many businesses saved money by hiring woman（D）women reinvest 90% of their income to their community25 The economist George Akerlof found himself faced with a simple task: mailing a box of clothes from India, where he wa
22、s living, to America. The clothes belong to his friend and colleague Joseph Stieglitz, Akerlof was eager to send the box off. But he delayed dealing with it, week after week. This went on for more than eight months and it was only shortly before Akerlof himself returned to America that he managed to
23、 mail this box: another friend happened to be sending some things back to the U.S., and Akerlof was able to add the box to the shipment. Given the vagaries of intercontinental mail, it is possible that Akerlof made it back to the United States before Stieglitz s shirt.Even Nobel-winning economists p
24、rocrastinate! Akerlof saw this familiar experience as mysterious. He actually intended to send the box to his friend, yet, as he wrote in a paper called “procrastination and obedience“, “each morning for over eight months I woke up and decided that the next morning would be the day to send the Stieg
25、litz box.“, but act never arrived. He realized that procrastination might be more than just a bad habit, and it might be something important about the limits of human rational thinking and that it could teach useful lessons about phenomena as substance abuse and savings habits.Since his essay about
26、procrastination was published, it became a buzz word among the academia, like philosophers, psychologists and economists: academies and college students may be especially prone to putting things off. But the study of this subject isnt just a case of eggheads rationalizing their slacking. From anothe
27、r angle, this issue illustrates the fluidity of human identity and the complicated relationship human beings have to time. A central figure in this subject argues that dragging our heels is as fundamental as the shape of time and could well be called basic human impulse, but the anxiety about draggi
28、ng seems to have emerged in early modern era, as early as eighteenth century.Procrastination is also a surprisingly costly one. Each year, Americans waste hundreds of millions of dollars because they dont file their taxes on time. 70% of patients suffering from glaucoma risk of blindness because the
29、y dont use their eye-drops regularly. Procrastination also inflicts major costs on businesses and governments. The recent crisis of the euro was aggravated by the German governments hesitation. And the decline of the American auto industry, exemplified by the bankruptcy of G.M., was due in part to e
30、xecutives inclination for delaying tough decisions.26 From the first paragraph, we can learn_.（A）Akerlof had difficulty in mailing his friends clothes from India to the United States（B） Indian shipment service made simple things much more complicated（C） Akerlof arrived in the U.S. before his friend
31、clothes did（D）Akerlof postpones mailing his friends clothes until eight months later27 What is the meaning of the word “procrastinate“?（A）anticipate（B） delay（C） identify（D）rationalize28 In Paragraph 2 and 3, we can learn the things demonstrated through procrastination EXCEPT（A）the limits of rational
32、 thinking（B） the fluidity of human identity（C） the relationship between human beings and time（D）people s tendency to lacking29 According to the passage, which of the following statement is TRUE?（A）Procrastination is no more than a bad habit.（B） Many academics write papers to rationalize people s laz
33、iness.（C） Postponing in daily life increases the cost of peoples life.（D）Early modern people care less about the impact of slacking.30 Procrastination as a social problem is extremely costly in the fields of_.（A）education（B） science and technology（C） health care（D）psychology30 Cigarette smoking is a
34、 health hazard of sufficient importance in the United States. It was 50 years ago this month that Americas Surgeon General sounded that warning, marking the beginning of the end of cigarette manufacturingand of smoking itselfas a respectable activity.Some 20 million Americans have died from the habi
35、t since then. But advertising restrictions and smoking bans have had their effect: the proportion of American adults who smoke has dropped from 43% to 18%; smoking rates among teenagers are at a record low. In many other countries the trends are similar.The current Surgeon General, Boris Lushniak, m
36、arked the half-century with a report on January 17th, declaring smoking even deadlier than previously thought. He added diabetes, colorectal cancer and other ailments to the list of ills it causes, and promised end-game strategies to extinguish cigarettes altogether.New technologies such as e-cigare
37、ttes promise to deliver nicotine less riskily. E-cigarettes give users a hit of vapour infused with nicotine. In America, sales of the manufacturer, who is the fastest e-cigarettes-adopter, have jumped from nearly nothing five years ago to at least 1 billion in 2013.At first, it looked as if e-cigar
38、ettes might lure smokers from the big tobacco brands to startups such as NJOY. But tobacco companies have bigger war chests, more knowledge of smokers habits and better ties to distributors than the newcomers. Some experts reckon Americans will puff more e-cigarettes than normal ones within a decade
39、, but tobacco folk are skeptical. E-cigarettes account for just 1% of Americas cigarette market. In Europe 7% of smokers had tried e-cigarettes by 2012 but only 1% kept them up.And no one knows what sort of restrictions regulators will eventually place on reduced risk products, including e-cigarette
40、s. If these companies can manage the transition to less harmful smokes, and convince regulators to be sensible, the tobacco giants could keep up the sort of performance that has made their shares such a fine investment over the years. But some analysts are not so sure.Many tobacco firms are struggli
41、ng to deliver the consistency of the earnings-per-share model weve seen in the past. If that persists, investors may fall out of love with the industry. A half-century after the Surgeon General s alarm, they, and hopeless smokers, are its last remaining friends.31 It can be learned from Paragraph 1
42、that cigarette manufacturing in the United States_.（A）was of sufficient importance（B） was put forward by Americas Surgeon General（C） began to go downhill（D）used to be an honorable activity32 According to the passage, e-cigarettes_.（A）supply smokers with nicotine more safely（B） help the fastest e-cig
43、arettes-adopter gain sales 1 billion times（C） are mastered by all tobacco firms as a new technology（D）have lured smokers from the big tobacco brands to startups33 The phases “war chests“ (Para. 5) most probably means_.（A）space（B） funds（C） networks（D）competitors34 The smokers attitude toward the cons
44、umption of e-cigarettes is_.（A）pessimistic（B） uncertain（C） optimistic（D）doubtful35 What is the passage mainly about?（A）The potency of tobacco s advertising bans.（B） The hostile regulatory climate of tobacco in the U.S.（C） The current situation and challenge of big tobacco firms.（D）The introduction a
45、nd growth of e-cigarettes.35 What new research reveals about the adolescent brain. We re learning that the teen years are a period of crucial brain development subject to a host of environmental and genetic factors. This emerging research shed light on a discovery that our brains are not finished ma
46、turing by adolescence, brains are only about 80 percent of the way to maturity, it takes until the mid-20s, and possibly later, for a brain to become fully developed.An excess of gray matter (the stuff that does the processing) at the beginning of adolescence makes us particularly brilliant at learn
47、ing, but also particularly sensitive to the influences of our environment. Our brains processing centers havent been fully linked yet, particularly the parts responsible for helping to check our impulses and considering the long-term repercussions of our actions.It s partially because of this develo
48、pmental timeline that a teen can be so quick to think a harsh remark, or a biting insult, and so uninhibited in firing it off at the nearest unfortunate target. Instead, the full developed brain regions of an adult might stop himself from saying something cruel.In a paper published last year, Dr. Ja
49、y Giedd, wrote that, gray-matter (the stuff that does the processing) volume peaks around or just before the beginning of puberty, and then continuously declines. In contrast, white matter (the stuff that helps connect areas of the brain) increases right up to, and beyond, the end of puberty.These adolescent brain developments dont happen to all parts of the brain at the same time. “The order in which
