1、考研英语（一）模拟试卷 199 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 0 Despite your best intentions and efforts, it is【B1】_: At some point in your life, you will be wrong. 【B2 】_ can be hard to digest,
2、 so sometimes we double down rather than 【B3】_ them. Our confirmation bias kicks in, causing us to 【B4】 _ out evidence to prove what we already believe. The car you 【B5】 _ off has a small dent in its bumper, 【 B6】_ obviously means that it is the other driver s fault.Psychologists call this cognitive
3、 dissonancethe stress we experience when we hold two 【B7 】_ beliefs, opinions or attitudes. For example, you might believe you are a kind and【B8】_person, so when you rudely cut someone off, you experience 【B9】_ . To【B10】_with it, you deny your mistake and insist the other driver【B11】_have seen you,
4、or you had the right of way even if you didn t.When we apologize for being wrong, we have to accept this dissonance, and that is【B12】_. On the other hand, research has shown that it can feel good to stick【B13】_our guns. One study found that people who refused to apologize felt more in control than t
5、hose who did not refuse. Feeling【B14】_may be an attractive short-term benefit,【B15】_there are long-term consequences. Refusing to apologize could potentially【B16】_the trust on which a relationship is based. So how exactly do you change your behavior and learn to【B17】_your mistakes? The first step is
6、 to learn to recognize your usual justification and【B18】_.Mr. Okimoto said it also helped to remember that people were often more【B19 】_than you might think. On the flip side, if it is undeniably clear that you are in the wrong, refusing to apologize【B20】_low self-confidence.1 【B1 】（A）realizable（B）
7、inevitable（C） remarkable（D）available2 【B2 】（A）Mistake（B） Failure（C） Trouble（D）Loss3 【B3 】（A）save（B） face（C） conquer（D）control4 【B4 】（A）turn（B） set（C） put（D）seek5 【B5 】（A）give（B） take（C） cut（D）turn6 【B6 】（A）what（B） which（C） that（D）where7 【B7 】（A）contradictory（B） significant（C） similar（D）consistent8 【
8、B8 】（A）sympathetic（B） humble（C） brave（D）fair9 【B9 】（A）regret（B） dissonance（C） guilty（D）pain10 【B10 】（A）finish（B） comply（C） go（D）cope11 【B11 】（A）must（B） would（C） should（D）might12 【B12 】（A）unpleasant（B） unfriendly（C） unconsidered（D）universal13 【B13 】（A）to（B） on（C） out（D）at14 【B14 】（A）positive（B） usefu
9、l（C） wonderful（D）powerful15 【B15 】（A）as（B） and（C） but（D）therefore16 【B16 】（A）jeopardize（B） build（C） betray（D）maintain17 【B17 】（A）discard（B） correct（C） embrace（D）avoid18 【B18 】（A）negotiation（B） motivation（C） rationalization（D）association19 【B19 】（A）creative（B） modest（C） forgiving（D）warmhearted20 【B20
10、 】（A）reveals（B） forges（C） transfers（D）explainsPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)20 Three hundred years ago news travelled by word of mouth or letter, and circulated in taverns and coffee houses in the form of pa
11、mphlets and newsletters. Everything changed in 1833 when the first mass-audience newspaper, The New York Sun, pioneered the use of advertising to reduce the cost of news, thus giving advertisers access to a wider audience. The penny press, followed by radio and television, turned news from a two-way
12、 conversation into a one-way broadcast, with a relatively small number of firms controlling the media.Now, the news industry is returning to something closer to the coffee house. The Internet is making news more participatory, social and diverse, reviving the discursive characteristics of the era be
13、fore the mass media. Newspaper circulation rose globally by 6% between 2005 and 2009. But those global figures mask a sharp decline in readership in rich countries. Over the past decade, throughout the Western world, people have been giving up newspapers and TV news and keeping up with events in pro
14、foundly different ways. Most strikingly, ordinary people are increasingly involved in compiling, sharing, filtering, discussing and distributing news. Twitter lets people anywhere report what they are seeing. Classified documents are published in their thousands online.Mobile-phone footage of Arab u
15、prisings and American tornadoes is posted on social-networking sites and shown on television newscasts. Social-networking sites help people find, discuss and share news with their friends. And technology firms including Google, Facebook and Twitter have become important conduits of news. The Interne
16、t lets people read newspapers or watch television channels from around the world. The web has allowed new providers of news to rise to prominence in a very short space of time. And it has made possible entirely new approaches to journalism, such as that practiced by WikiLeaks, which provides an anon
17、ymous way for whistleblowers to publish documents.The news agenda is no longer controlled by a few press barons and state outlets.In principles, every liberal should celebrate this. A more participatory and social news environment, with a remarkable diversity and range of news sources, is a good thi
18、ng. The transformation of the news business is unstoppable. Although this transformation does raise concerns, there is much to celebrate in the noisy, diverse, vociferous, argumentative and stridently alive environment of the news business in the ages of the Internet. The coffee house is back. Enjoy
19、 it.21 According to the author, what enlightened the switch of coffee-house news to mass-media news?（A）The appearance of big mass media firms.（B） The prevalence of radio and television.（C） The emergence of advertising in newspapers.（D）The growing number of newspaper audience.22 The word “discursive“
20、 (Para. 2) is closest in meaning to_.（A）diverging（B） concentrating（C） challenging（D）diverse23 According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a role played by Internet?（A）Challenging the conventional media.（B） Planning the return to coffee-house news.（C） Offering people the access to classif
21、ied documents.（D）Giving ordinary people the opportunity to distribute news.24 The author s attitude towards new mass media is_.（A）positive and cautious（B） detest and skeptical（C） skeptical and reserved（D）ambiguous and negative25 What is the best title of this passage?（A）Mass-Audience Newspaper（B） Un
22、stoppable and Diverse Online News（C） The Future of NewsBack to the Coffee House（D）The Transformation of the News Business25 If you want to know why Denmark is the worlds leader in wind power, start with a three-hour car trip from the capital Copenhagen to the small town of Lem on the far west coast
23、of Jutland. You 11 feel it as you cross the 6.8 km-long Great Belt Bridge: Denmarks bountiful wind, so fierce. But wind itself is only part of the reason. In Lem, workers in factories the size of aircraft hangars build the wind turbines. Most impressive are the turbines blades, which scoop the wind
24、with each sweeping revolution.But technology, like the wind itself, is just one more part of the reason for Denmarks dominance. In the end, it happened because Denmark had the political and public will to decide that it wanted to be a leaderand to follow through. Beginning in 1979, the government be
25、gan a determined programme of subsidies and loan guarantees to build up its wind industry. It also mandated that utilities purchase wind energy at a preferential pricethus guaranteeing investors a customer base.As a result, wind turbines now dot Denmark. The country gets more than 19% of its electri
26、city from the breeze and Danish companies control one-third of the global wind market, earning billions in exports and creating a national champion from scratch.The challenge now for Denmark is to help the rest of the world catch up. With Copenhagen set to host all-important U.N. climate change talk
27、s in Decemberwhere the world hopes for a successor to the expiring Kyoto Protocol, Denmarks example couldnt be more timely. “We ll try to make Denmark a showroom,“ says Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen. “You can reduce energy use and carbon emissions, and achieve economic growth.“It s tempting t
28、o assume that Denmark is innately green, but the country s policies were actually born from a different emotion, one now in common currency: fear. When the 1973 oil crisis hit, 90% of Denmarks energy came from petroleum, almost all of it imported. Denmark launched a rapid drive for energy conservati
29、on. Eventually the Danes themselves began enjoying the benefits of the petroleum and natural gas in their slice of the North Sea. It was enough to make them more than self-sufficient. But Denmark never forgot the lessons of 1973, and kept driving for greater energy efficiency and a more diversified
30、energy supply.To the rest of the world, Denmark has the power of its example, showing that you can stay rich and grow green at the same time. “Denmark has proven that acting on climate can be a positive experience, not just painful.“ says NRDC s Schmidt.26 The following aspect is cited as a main cau
31、se for Denmarks world leadership in wind power EXCEPT_.（A）high wind（B） denmark s technology（C） policy support（D）geographical location27 The author has described several efforts of the Denmarks Government in accelerating the wind industry in detail in order to show_.（A）the determination of government
32、（B） the country s assistance policies（C） the reliance of the markets on exports（D）the role of local tax revenues28 The underlined word in Paragraph 4 means that_.（A）Denmarks energy-saving initiatives cannot be followed by other countries（B） Denmark can manufacture more wind-driven generators to sell
33、（C） Denmarks success in energy-saving could give other countries an example（D）Denmark aims to show their top technology level of using wind power29 According to Paragraph 5, Denmark s energy-saving policies traced back to the country s_.（A）environmental awareness（B） past experience of oil shortage（C
34、） great shortage of natural resources（D）abundance in wind resources30 According to the passage, which of the following is NOT mentioned?（A）Not to save energy could bring about severe consequences.（B） Energy saving cannot go together with economic development.（C） Energy saving efforts can be painful
35、as well as positive.（D）Denmark can lead powerfully in the global wind market.30 The first clue came when I got my hair cut. The stylist offered a complimentary nail-polish change while I waited for my hair to dry. Maybe she hoped this little amenity would slow the growing inclination of women to str
36、etch each haircut to last four months.Suddenly everything is on sale. The upside to the economic downturn is the immense incentive it gives retailers to treat you like a queen for a day. But now the customer rules, just for showing up. Finger the scarf, then start to walk away, and its price floats
37、silkily downward. When the mechanic calls to tell you that brakes and a timing belt and other services will run close to $ 2,000, its time to break out the newly perfected art of the considered pause. You really dont even have to say anything pitiful before hell offer to knock a few hundred dollars
38、off.Restaurants are also caught in a fit of ardent hospitality, especially around Wall Street. New York Times restaurant critic Frank Bruni characterizes the new restaurant demeanor as “extreme solicitousness tinged with outright desperation.“Now everyone is hoping to restart the economy. But human
39、nature is funny that way. In dangerous times, we clench and squint at the deal that looks too good to miss, suspecting that it must be too good to be true. Store owners will tell you horror stories about shoppers with attitude, who walk in demanding discounts and flaunt their new power at every turn
40、. These store owners wince as they sense bad habit forming: Will people expect discounts forever? Will their hard-won brand luster be forever cheapened, especially for items whose allure depends on their being ridiculously priced?There will surely come a day when things go back to “normal“; retail s
41、ales even inched up in January after sinking for the previous six months. Bargain-hunting can be addictive regardless of the state of the markets, and haggling is a low-risk, high-value contact sport. Trauma digs deep into habit, like my 85-year-old mother still calling her canned-goods cabinet “the
42、 bomb shelter.“ The children of the First Depression were saving string and preaching sacrifice long after the skies cleared. They came to be called the “greatest generation.“ As we learn to be decent stewards of our resources, who knows what might come of it? We have lived in an age of wanton waste
43、, and there is value in practicing conservation that goes far beyond our own bottom line.31 Why did the stylist treat the author so well when she got her hair cut?（A）Shops try various kinds of means to satisfy customers.（B） Large shops or small shops, are offering big discounts.（C） Women are incline
44、d to have their hair cut less frequently.（D）Customers refrain from purchasing things impulsively.32 By saying the underlined sentence in Paragraph 2, the author shows that customers_.（A）now purchase things which are on sale（B） have got a sense of superiority（C） have learned the way to bargain（D）have
45、 higher requirement for service33 According to Paragraph 4, the phrase “flaunt their new power at every turn“ means that consumers want to_.（A）keep asking for more discounts（B） demonstrate their power（C） show off their money（D）have more suspicion34 What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs?（
46、A）The practice of frugality is essential.（B） Extravagant spending would accelerate economic development.（C） One s life experience would be transformed into lifelong habits.（D）Customers should cut the price of luxury goods.35 Which of the following could be the best title of this passage?（A）During Ec
47、onomic Downturn, Everything is on Sale.（B） The Art of Bargaining.（C） Promising Shoppers.（D）In a Recession, the Consumer is Queen.35 In 2016, many shoppers opted to avoid the frenetic crowds and do their holiday shopping from the comfort of their computer. But people are also returning those purchase
48、s at record rates, up 8% from last year.What went wrong? Is the lingering shadow of the global financial crisis making it harder to accept extravagant indulgences? Or do people shop more impulsively when online? Both arguments are plausible. However, there is a third factor: a question of touch. And
49、 physically interacting with an object makes you more committed to your purchase.When my most recent book Brand washed was released, I teamed up with a local bookstore to conduct an experiment. I carefully instructed a group of volunteers to promote my book in two different ways. The first was a fairly hands-off approach. Whenever a customer would inquire about my book, the volunteer would take them over to the she
