1、考研英语（一）模拟试卷 19 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 0 Many industries have good reason for caution at the moment, given the fears of a “double dip“ in the world economy. But the mood in
2、 aviation,【C1】_among the aircraftmakers, remains【C2 】_. This week Airbus produced new long-range forecasts, predicting that a【 C3】_of vigorous emerging-market growth and the need to【C4 】 _ageing and inefficient planes in the rich countries will mean a demand, between now and 2030, for almost 28,000
3、large aircraft worth $ 3. 5 trillion.The aircraftmakers【C5 】_about the emerging world is based on what appears to be an iron law of aviation: rising numbers of urban middle-class people will mean rising demand for air travel, 【C6】_short-term downturn the economy suffers. Since the 1970s, 【C7 】_oil s
4、hocks, Middle East wars, terrorist attacks and disease outbreaks, the number of passenger-miles flown seems always to have【C8】_back to its long-term growth【C9 】_. At the moment Airbus【C10】_there are 39 “megacities“ worldwide whose airports【C11 】_more than 10,000 long-haul passengers a day. In 20 yea
5、rs it expects there to be almost 90 such cities, many of them in Asia.There is still plenty of【C12】_for growth in the rich world too, but a second important【C13】_of demand for new planes in these countries will be airlines desire to【C14】_on fuel and maintenance costs, especially【C15】_new taxes on em
6、issions come into【C16】_, by【C17】_their old aircraft with shiny new planes. Airbus points out that the industry has already been doing pretty well on this【C18】_: in the past ten years, passenger-miles flown have risen by 45% but the airlines use of jet fuel has gone up by just 3%. In large part that
7、is because of more【C19 】_aircraft, and there are more such gains to come. Airbus says the reengined “neo“ version of its single-aisle A320 plane, 【C20】_to fly in late 2015, will burn 15% less fuel than the current version. 309 words1 【C1 】（A）similarly（B） especially（C） actually（D）accidentally2 【C2 】（
8、A）suspicious（B） tentative（C） optimistic（D）peaceful3 【C3 】（A）combination（B） coordination（C） connection（D）collaboration4 【C4 】（A）replace（B） recycle（C） remove（D）restore5 【C5 】（A）protest（B） concern（C） understanding（D）confidence6 【C6 】（A）wherever（B） however（C） whenever（D）whatever7 【C7 】（A）through（B） unti
9、l（C） into（D）from8 【C8 】（A）put（B） looked（C） snapped（D）dated9 【C9 】（A）manner（B） impulse（C） trend（D）rate10 【C10 】（A）notifies（B） upholds（C） reckons（D）perceives11 【C11 】（A）conduct（B） contain（C） dismiss（D）handle12 【C12 】（A）room（B） call（C） pain（D）advice13 【C13 】（A）driver（B） blocker（C） regulator（D）receiver1
10、4 【C14 】（A）center（B） save（C） reflect（D）figure15 【C15 】（A）if（B） as（C） unless（D）lest16 【C16 】（A）focus（B） question（C） force（D）line17 【C17 】（A）comparing（B） substituting（C） supplementing（D）matching18 【C18 】（A）scene（B） scale（C） basis（D）score19 【C19 】（A）reliable（B） impressive（C） efficient（D）significant20 【
11、C20 】（A）long（B） apt（C） ought（D）duePart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)20 Three years ago, French entrepreneur Gary Cige was helping a friend hang a mirror in his country house when they realized they needed a dril
12、l. But where to get one? Buying one would cost 150 euros, a huge waste considering they needed it for only half an hour. Why wasnt there some easy way to find a drill to rentfor just a few bucks?Propelled by that idea, Cige cofounded Zilok, a startup that offers precisely this service: People post p
13、ossessions theyre willing to rent out, along with a price. Ciges Web site processes the fee, tracks the reputation of your renting partner, andin Franceeven issues insurance for your item. After two years in business, Zilok has 150,000 items listed, with 6,000 transactions a month, and its the faste
14、st-growing renter of cars in France.Peer-to-peer rentingand similar serviceshas boomed in the past few years. Some work like Zilok, while others let people swap things they own (such as books and CDs at Swaptree). A few even let you take advantage of space thats lying idle, like Shared Earth, where
15、landowners hook up with gardeners.In essence, were seeing a new relationship to propertywhere access trumps ownership.Were using bits to help us share atoms. The genius of these sites is that they make a virtue of modern societys ecological sin: oversupply. In developed countries, were prosperous bu
16、t horribly wasteful. We buy tons of things we use rarelyand which sit unused in basements and storage lockers.Peer renting and sharing is, of course, an old idea. But it never took off before, for logistical reasons: It was too hard to connect millions of renters to owners. The Internets eBay-sian a
17、bility to make markets solved that problem. The Net also provides crucial social glue, as the new startup Zimride proves. Ride-sharing systems have historically petered out because it can be kind of creepy to pick up strangers. So instead, Zimride lets people share rides with friends of friends from
18、 Facebook through either Facebook Connect or networks it sets up for individual organizations. “The limiting factor before was trust,“ Zimride cofounder Logan Green says, “and Facebook solved that. “Besides the environmental benefits, there are economic ones: Some users of Zilok make more than $1,00
19、0 a month circulating their possessions. Granted, its not enough to quit your day job, but a little extra dough for almost no effort never hurts.As peer-to-peer renting and swapping evolves, tools like geolocation and micropayments could make it even smoother and more ubiquitous. Rachel Botsman, coa
20、uthor of Whats Mine Is Yoursa new book that documents “collaborative consumption“envisions a world in which everyones stuff reports its status in real time; Where is it right now? Is it available for use by someone else? Your property could circulate for days or months, making you money instead of m
21、oldering in your garage. “Were facing a revolution in the way we think of ownership,“ Botsman says. Or, to put it another way, your drill may be my drill, too. 490 words21 In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by_.（A）bringing up a hypothesis（B） giving an example（C） tracing back t
22、he origin（D）making a comparison22 Which of the following is true of Zilok?（A）It is responsible for pricing the items for rent.（B） It develops vigorously in the past few years.（C） It provides insurance for valuable items rented.（D）It offers the fastest car rental services in France.23 Peer-to-peer re
23、nting essentially features_.（A）a wide range of services（B） flexible ownership（C） high-tech marketing（D）ecological conservation24 It can be concluded that the success of Zimride mainly lies in its ability of_.（A）persuading people to share rides（B） establishing trust among strangers（C） building a vast
24、 interpersonal network（D）finding sufficient potential customers25 Toward the prospect of peer-to-peer renting, the authors attitude can be said to be_.（A）objective（B） pessimistic（C） suspicious（D）optimistic25 Artists routinely mock businesspeople as money-obsessed bores. Or worse. Many business peopl
25、e, for their part, assume that artists are a bunch of pretentious wasters. Bosses may stick a few modernist paintings on their boardroom walls. But they seldom take the arts seriously as a source of inspiration.The bias starts at business school, where “hard“ things such as numbers and case studies
26、rule. It is reinforced by everyday experience. Bosses constantly remind their underlings that if you cant count it, it doesnt count. Managers reading habits often reflect this no-nonsense attitude. Few read deeply about art. “The Art of the Deal“ by Donald Trump does not count; nor does Sun Tzus “Th
27、e Art of War“. Some popular business books rejoice in their vulgarism; consider Wess Roberts “Leadership Secrets of Attila the Hun“.But lately there are welcome signs of a thaw on the business side of the great cultural divide. Business presses are publishing a series of books such as “The Fine Art
28、of Success“, by Jamie Anderson. Business schools such as the Rotman School of Management at the University of Toronto are trying to learn from the arts.Mr Anderson point out that many artists have also been superb entrepreneurs. Damien Hirst was even more enterprising. He not only realised that nouv
29、eau-riche collectors would pay extraordinary sums for dead cows and jewel-encrusted skulls. He upturned the art world by selling his work directly through Sothebys, an auction house. Whatever they think of his work, businesspeople cannot help admiring a man who parted art-lovers from 70. 5m on the d
30、ay that Lehman Brothers collapsed.Studying the arts can help businesspeople communicate more eloquently. Most bosses spend a huge amount of time “messaging“ and “reaching out“, yet few are much good at it. Their prose is larded with clichs and garbled with gobbledegook. Half an hour with George Orwe
31、lls “Why I Write“ would work wonders.Studying the arts can also help companies learn how to manage bright people. Rob Goffee of the London Business School point out that todays most productive companies are dominated by what they call “clevers“, who are the devil to manage. They hate being told what
32、 to do by managers, whom they regard as dullards. They refuse to submit to performance reviews. In short, they are prima donnas. The arts world has centuries of experience in managing such difficult people. Publishers coax books out of authors. Directors persuade actresses to cooperate with actors t
33、hey hate. Their tips might be worth hearing.Studying the art world might even hold out the biggest prize of all-helping business become more innovative. Companies are scouring the world for new ideas. In their quest for creativity, they surely have something to learn from the creative industries. Lo
34、ok at how modern artists adapted to the arrival of photography, a technology that could have made them redundant, or how J. K. Rowling (the creator of Harry Potter) kept trying even when publishers rejected her novel. 492 words26 Artists and businesspeople routinely_.（A）despise each other（B） compete
35、 fiercely against each other（C） cooperate with each other（D）steal ideas from each other27 Damien Hirst is mentioned as_.（A）a businessman who benefits greatly from learning from the arts（B） a businessman who is good at dealing with art works（C） an artist who is good at doing business（D）an artist whos
36、e works changed the art world28 Which book might be thought by the author as having the least value?（A）The Art of War.（B） Leadership Secrets of Attila the Hun.（C） The Fine Art of Success.（D）Why I Write.29 “prima donna“(Line 5, Para 6)is most likely to refer to a person who is_.（A）bright（B） arrogant（
37、C） hateful（D）dull30 By learning from the art world, businesses can_.（A）endow their products with artistic characteristics（B） master an efficient message-collecting method（C） train the difficult people to be more obedient（D）improve their adaptability and perseverance30 The humble bee has much to teac
38、h us about the flow of information in our own organizations. Bees, like human beings, are social animals, and evolution has provided them with elegant approaches to group decision making.One of the most important group decisions made by a bee colony is where to locate the hive. Bees use a kind of “i
39、dea market“ to guide their discovery: The colony sends out a small number of scouts to survey the environment. Returning scouts that have found promising sites signal their discoveries with a vigorous dance, thus recruiting more scouts to the better sites. The cycle of exploration and signaling cont
40、inues until so many scouts are signaling in favor of the best site that a tipping point is reached.The bees decision making highlights both information discovery and information integration , two processes that are crucial to every organization but that have different requirements. A centralized str
41、ucture works well for discovery, because the individuals role is to find information and report it back. In contrast, a richly connected network works best for integration and decision making, because it allows the individual to hear everyone elses opinion about the expected return from each of the
42、alternatives. The bees process suggests that organizations that alternate as needed between the centralized structure and the richly connected network can shape information flow to optimize both discovery and integration.Recent studies at MIT reveal that this sort of oscillation may be characteristi
43、c of creative teams. One intriguing study tracked employees in the marketing division of a German bank by having them wear small sensors called sociometers for one month. Sociometers record data a-bout face-to-face interactions such as participants identities and the location and duration of the int
44、eraction. Analysis of the data showed that teams charged with creating new marketing campaigns oscillated between the centralized communication associated with discovery and densely interconnected conversations that were mostly with other team members. In contrast, the members of implementation grou
45、ps showed little oscillation, speaking almost exclusively to other team members.A second study demonstrated not only that creative teams had especially nimble social-communication networks, but also that the amount of oscillation correlated with how productive the creative group judged itself to be.
46、 In this study almost 40% of the variation in creative productivity could be attributed to an oscillating pattern of communication strategies for discovery and integration.Delving deeper into the communication networks of several organizations illuminated the links between productivity and informati
47、on flow even more. A recent MIT study found that in one organization the employees with the most extensive personal digital networks were 7% more productive than their colleagues so Wikis and Web 2. 0 tools may indeed improve productivity. In the same organization, however, the employees with the mo
48、st cohesive face-to-face networks were 30% more productive. Electronic tools may well be suited to information discovery, but face-to-face communication, an often-neglected part of the management process, best supports. 482 words31 The process of locating the hive is mentioned to highlight the bee c
49、olonys_.（A）successful development of group wisdom（B） active use of “idea market“（C） effective management of information flow（D）extraordinary ability to survey environment32 We can learn from Paragraph 3 that_.（A）information discovery and information integration are requirements of different organizations（B） organizations need to shift between a centralized structure and a richly connec
