1、考研英语（一）模拟试卷 205 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 0 How men first learned to invent words is unknown; in other words, the origin of language is a mystery. All we really know is that
2、men,【B1】_animals, somehow invented certain【B2 】_to express thoughts and feelings, actions and things,【B3 】 _they could communicate with each other; and that later they agreed 【B4】 _ certain signs, called letters, which could be 【B5】_ to represent those sounds, and which could be 【B6】_ down. Those so
3、unds, whether spoken, 【B7】 _ written in letters, we call words.The power of words, then, lies in their【B8】_the things they bring up before our minds. Words become 【B9】_ with meaning for us by experience;【B10 】_the longer we live, the more certain words【B11】_the happy and sad events of our past to us
4、; and the more we read and【B12】_, the more the number of words that mean something to us【B13】_.Great writers are those who not only have great thoughts but also express these thoughts in words which appeal【B14】_to our minds and emotions. This【B15 】_and telling use of words is what we call【B16】_style
5、. Above all, the real poet is a master of【B17】_. He can convey his meaning in words which sing like music, and which【B18】_their position and association can【B19】_men to tears. We should, therefore, learn to choose our words carefully and use them accurately, or they will【B20】_our speech or writing s
6、illy and vulgar.1 【B1 】（A）above（B） unlike（C） excluding（D）besides2 【B2 】（A）sounds（B） gestures（C） signs（D）movements3 【B3 】（A）such that（B） as that（C） so that（D）in that4 【B4 】（A）to（B） with（C） in（D）upon5 【B5 】（A）spelt（B） combined（C） pronounced（D）copied6 【B6 】（A）written（B） handed（C） remembered（D）observed7
7、 【B7 】（A）and（B） yet（C） also（D）or8 【B8 】（A）function（B） association（C） roles（D）links9 【B9 】（A）filled（B） fulfilled（C） live（D）active10 【B10 】（A）but（B） or（C） yet（D）and11 【B11 】（A）reappear（B） recall（C） remember（D）recollect12 【B12 】（A）think（B） collect（C） learn（D）recite13 【B13 】（A）raises（B） increases（C） imp
8、roves（D）emerges14 【B14 】（A）intensively（B） extensively（C） broadly（D）powerfully15 【B15 】（A）charming（B） academic（C） conventional（D）common16 【B16 】（A）written（B） spoken（C） literary（D）dramatic17 【B17 】（A）signs（B） words（C） style（D）sound18 【B18 】（A）in（B） on（C） over（D）by19 【B19 】（A）move（B） engage（C） bring（D）
9、force20 【B20 】（A）transform（B） change（C） make（D）convertPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)20 This week, a gaggle of girls in hot pants and miniskirts will go on a long and highly publicized strike against their em
10、ployer. They will win their case, and in so doing, win a huge battle for working women everywhereushering in a new push for equal pay for women and striking a victorious blow for women s rights the world over. But in real life, the news isn t nearly that inspiring.On Wednesday, the U.S. senate faile
11、d to end debate on the paycheck fairness act. The so-called “commonsense law“ would have strengthened anti-discriminatory law put in place by the Equal Pay Act, protected employees from being fired for asking about their colleagues compensation, and created negotiation skills training programs for g
12、irls and women.The American Association of University Women recently compared men and women with the same education, same grades, same kinds of jobs, and made the same life choices and found that women earn 5% less in the first year out of school. Ten years later, even if the women gave up having ch
13、ildren, they earn 12% less. In another study, Catalyst found that female first-year MBA students earn $4,600 less than their male peers in their first job. In fact, in the 47 years since the Equal Pay Act was first adopted, the pay gap has decreased from more than 40 cents to just under 25 cents. We
14、 are literally halfway there.The republican senators voting against the act, said the act would have been bad for business. And they have been right, but not for the stated reasons. This recession is frequently called the “mancession“ and that it has led to 36% increase in the number of families dep
15、ending on womens earning in the last year alone, sure, those businesses may be saving money by paying women less, but is it really in the interest of the American public to allow them to save at the expense of families? At 77 cents on the dollar, women will lose an average of $431,000 in pay over 40
16、 years. Those losses could have been spent wisely. When you consider that women reinvest 90% of their income into their own community and family (just 30% to 40% that men invest), the impact could have been powerful. How is that for the common sense?21 From the first paragraph, we can infer_.（A）the
17、strike may be just a kind of show（B） these girls are very fashionable（C） the strike will be successful（D）the government will support the strike22 Before the “commonsense law“, female employees were treated unfairly, for example,_.（A）earning less money than they deserved（B） being fired for asking abo
18、ut others compensation（C） being assigned too much work（D）being denied training program for girls and women23 In Paragraph 3, the sentence “we are literally halfway there“ means_.（A）we are preparing to do something（B） we will win the battle for working women everywhere（C） we really have made some pro
19、gress in decreasing pay gap（D）we are on the way to the scene of the strike24 The attitude of the author to the reason that republican senators offered to the vote against the act is_.（A）agreeable（B） ignorant（C） disapproving（D）consenting25 Mancession has led to the fact that_.（A）employers violated Eq
20、ual Pay Law（B） many families depend on women s earnings（C） many businesses saved money by hiring woman（D）women reinvest 90% of their income to their community25 The economist George Akerlof found himself faced with a simple task: mailing a box of clothes from India, where he was living, to America.
21、The clothes belong to his friend and colleague Joseph Stieglitz, Akerlof was eager to send the box off. But he delayed dealing with it, week after week. This went on for more than eight months and it was only shortly before Akerlof himself returned to America that he managed to mail this box: anothe
22、r friend happened to be sending some things back to the U.S., and Akerlof was able to add the box to the shipment. Given the vagaries of intercontinental mail, it is possible that Akerlof made it back to the United States before Stieglitz s shirt.Even Nobel-winning economists procrastinate! Akerlof
23、saw this familiar experience as mysterious. He actually intended to send the box to his friend, yet, as he wrote in a paper called “procrastination and obedience“, “each morning for over eight months I woke up and decided that the next morning would be the day to send the Stieglitz box.“, but act ne
24、ver arrived. He realized that procrastination might be more than just a bad habit, and it might be something important about the limits of human rational thinking and that it could teach useful lessons about phenomena as substance abuse and savings habits.Since his essay about procrastination was pu
25、blished, it became a buzz word among the academia, like philosophers, psychologists and economists: academies and college students may be especially prone to putting things off. But the study of this subject isnt just a case of eggheads rationalizing their slacking. From another angle, this issue il
26、lustrates the fluidity of human identity and the complicated relationship human beings have to time. A central figure in this subject argues that dragging our heels is as fundamental as the shape of time and could well be called basic human impulse, but the anxiety about dragging seems to have emerg
27、ed in early modern era, as early as eighteenth century.Procrastination is also a surprisingly costly one. Each year, Americans waste hundreds of millions of dollars because they dont file their taxes on time. 70% of patients suffering from glaucoma risk of blindness because they dont use their eye-d
28、rops regularly. Procrastination also inflicts major costs on businesses and governments. The recent crisis of the euro was aggravated by the German governments hesitation. And the decline of the American auto industry, exemplified by the bankruptcy of G.M., was due in part to executives inclination
29、for delaying tough decisions.26 From the first paragraph, we can learn_.（A）Akerlof had difficulty in mailing his friends clothes from India to the United States（B） Indian shipment service made simple things much more complicated（C） Akerlof arrived in the U.S. before his friend clothes did（D）Akerlof
30、postpones mailing his friends clothes until eight months later27 What is the meaning of the word “procrastinate“?（A）anticipate（B） delay（C） identify（D）rationalize28 In Paragraph 2 and 3, we can learn the things demonstrated through procrastination EXCEPT（A）the limits of rational thinking（B） the fluid
31、ity of human identity（C） the relationship between human beings and time（D）people s tendency to lacking29 According to the passage, which of the following statement is TRUE?（A）Procrastination is no more than a bad habit.（B） Many academics write papers to rationalize people s laziness.（C） Postponing i
32、n daily life increases the cost of peoples life.（D）Early modern people care less about the impact of slacking.30 Procrastination as a social problem is extremely costly in the fields of_.（A）education（B） science and technology（C） health care（D）psychology30 Cigarette smoking is a health hazard of suff
33、icient importance in the United States. It was 50 years ago this month that Americas Surgeon General sounded that warning, marking the beginning of the end of cigarette manufacturingand of smoking itselfas a respectable activity.Some 20 million Americans have died from the habit since then. But adve
34、rtising restrictions and smoking bans have had their effect: the proportion of American adults who smoke has dropped from 43% to 18%; smoking rates among teenagers are at a record low. In many other countries the trends are similar.The current Surgeon General, Boris Lushniak, marked the half-century
35、 with a report on January 17th, declaring smoking even deadlier than previously thought. He added diabetes, colorectal cancer and other ailments to the list of ills it causes, and promised end-game strategies to extinguish cigarettes altogether.New technologies such as e-cigarettes promise to delive
36、r nicotine less riskily. E-cigarettes give users a hit of vapour infused with nicotine. In America, sales of the manufacturer, who is the fastest e-cigarettes-adopter, have jumped from nearly nothing five years ago to at least 1 billion in 2013.At first, it looked as if e-cigarettes might lure smoke
37、rs from the big tobacco brands to startups such as NJOY. But tobacco companies have bigger war chests, more knowledge of smokers habits and better ties to distributors than the newcomers. Some experts reckon Americans will puff more e-cigarettes than normal ones within a decade, but tobacco folk are
38、 skeptical. E-cigarettes account for just 1% of Americas cigarette market. In Europe 7% of smokers had tried e-cigarettes by 2012 but only 1% kept them up.And no one knows what sort of restrictions regulators will eventually place on reduced risk products, including e-cigarettes. If these companies
39、can manage the transition to less harmful smokes, and convince regulators to be sensible, the tobacco giants could keep up the sort of performance that has made their shares such a fine investment over the years. But some analysts are not so sure.Many tobacco firms are struggling to deliver the cons
40、istency of the earnings-per-share model weve seen in the past. If that persists, investors may fall out of love with the industry. A half-century after the Surgeon General s alarm, they, and hopeless smokers, are its last remaining friends.31 It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that cigarette manufac
41、turing in the United States_.（A）was of sufficient importance（B） was put forward by Americas Surgeon General（C） began to go downhill（D）used to be an honorable activity32 According to the passage, e-cigarettes_.（A）supply smokers with nicotine more safely（B） help the fastest e-cigarettes-adopter gain s
42、ales 1 billion times（C） are mastered by all tobacco firms as a new technology（D）have lured smokers from the big tobacco brands to startups33 The phases “war chests“ (Para. 5) most probably means_.（A）space（B） funds（C） networks（D）competitors34 The smokers attitude toward the consumption of e-cigarette
43、s is_.（A）pessimistic（B） uncertain（C） optimistic（D）doubtful35 What is the passage mainly about?（A）The potency of tobacco s advertising bans.（B） The hostile regulatory climate of tobacco in the U.S.（C） The current situation and challenge of big tobacco firms.（D）The introduction and growth of e-cigaret
44、tes.35 What new research reveals about the adolescent brain. We re learning that the teen years are a period of crucial brain development subject to a host of environmental and genetic factors. This emerging research shed light on a discovery that our brains are not finished maturing by adolescence,
45、 brains are only about 80 percent of the way to maturity, it takes until the mid-20s, and possibly later, for a brain to become fully developed.An excess of gray matter (the stuff that does the processing) at the beginning of adolescence makes us particularly brilliant at learning, but also particul
46、arly sensitive to the influences of our environment. Our brains processing centers havent been fully linked yet, particularly the parts responsible for helping to check our impulses and considering the long-term repercussions of our actions.It s partially because of this developmental timeline that
47、a teen can be so quick to think a harsh remark, or a biting insult, and so uninhibited in firing it off at the nearest unfortunate target. Instead, the full developed brain regions of an adult might stop himself from saying something cruel.In a paper published last year, Dr. Jay Giedd, wrote that, g
48、ray-matter (the stuff that does the processing) volume peaks around or just before the beginning of puberty, and then continuously declines. In contrast, white matter (the stuff that helps connect areas of the brain) increases right up to, and beyond, the end of puberty.These adolescent brain develo
49、pments dont happen to all parts of the brain at the same time. “The order in which this maturation of connection goes, is from the back of the brain to the front of the brain,“ says Jensen. And one of the last parts to mature is the frontal lobe, a large area responsible for moderating reward, planning, impulsiveness, attention, acceptable social behavior, and other roles that are known as executive fu
