1、考研英语（一）模拟试卷 208 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 0 If the technological revolution continues to have its effects, there will be fewer and fewer jobs available, particularly to schoo
2、l-leavers and those over the age of fifty. 【C1】 _ there are only half the number of jobs in the future, men and women will have to share them. Two people will 【C2】_ work only twenty hours each 【C3】 _ the forty they are currently 【C4】_ to. It is a well-known fact that those who suffer from stress at
3、work are often not high-powered executives but 【C5】 _ workers doing boring, 【C6】_ jobs, especially those on production lines. Unemployment often has a 【C7】_ effect on its victims. If we wish to prevent this type of stress and the depression that frequently follows long periods of it, we will have to
4、 find ways of educating people to 【C8】_ this sudden increase in leisure time.Many have already 【C9】_ pills and tablets to 【C10】_ sleeplessness and anxiety, two of the symptoms of long-term stress and depression. In America, we 【C11 】_ $650 million a year on different kinds of medicines. We 【C12 】_ a
5、n astonishing three million sleeping tablets every night. 【C13 】_ these “drug of the mind“ can be extremely useful in cases of crisis, the majority of patients would be 【C14】_ without them.The boredom and frustration of unemployment are not the only 【C15】_ of stress: poor housing, family problems, o
6、vercrowding and financial worry are all significant factors. 【C16】_, doctors believe that if people learnt to breathe properly, took more exercise, used their leisure time more 【C17】_ and expressed their anger instead of 【C18】_ it up, they would not depend so much on drugs, 【C19 】_ treat only the 【C
7、20】_ and not the cause of the stress.1 【C1 】（A）Though（B） When（C） Since（D）If2 【C2 】（A）otherwise（B） subsequently（C） therefore（D）simultaneously3 【C3 】（A）instead of（B） other than（C） no more than（D）as well as4 【C4 】（A）amounted（B） put（C） accustomed（D）familiarized5 【C5 】（A）efficient（B） deficient（C） skillfu
8、l（D）unskilled6 【C6 】（A）repetitive（B） challenging（C） demanding（D）exhausted7 【C7 】（A）similar（B） same（C） diverse（D）different8 【C8 】（A）idle away（B） cope with（C） cut into（D）set aside9 【C9 】（A）fell on（B） switched to（C） held on（D）turned to10 【C10 】（A）combat（B） campaign（C） contest（D）struggle11 【C11 】（A）cost
9、（B） repay（C） take（D）spend12 【C12 】（A）digest（B） swallow（C） purchase（D）manufacture13 【C13 】（A）Although（B） Since（C） Whereas（D）If14 【C14 】（A）deteriorating（B） better off（C） worsening（D）suffering15 【C15 】（A）reasons（B） outcomes（C） consequences（D）causes16 【C16 】（A）Furthermore（B） Nevertheless（C） Moreover（D）A
10、dditionally17 【C17 】（A）thoroughly（B） enthusiastically（C） actively（D）skillfully18 【C18 】（A）making（B） putting（C） bringing（D）bottling19 【C19 】（A）what（B） whichever（C） that（D）which20 【C20 】（A）symptoms（B） indications（C） signatures（D）appearancesPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the qu
11、estions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)20 According to the American College Health Associations most recent annual national survey, 30 percent of college students reported feeling “so depressed that it was difficult to function“ at some time over the past year. Nearly three fou
12、rths of respondents in a 2011 National Alliance on Mental Illness study of college students diagnosed with mental health conditions said they experienced a mental health crisis while in school. The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and other federal disability laws prohibit discrimination agains
13、t students whose psychiatric disabilities “substantially limit a major life activity“ and mandates that colleges and universities provide them with “reasonable accommodations“ such as lower course loads and extended deadlines.Despite that very clearly stated law, dozens of current or recent students
14、 at colleges and universities across the countrylarge and small, private and publictold Newsweek they were punished for seeking help: kicked out of campus housing with nowhere else to go, abruptly forced to withdraw from school and even involuntarily committed to psychiatric wards. “Colleges are ver
15、y accustomed to accommodating learning and physical disabilities, but they dont understand simple ways of accommodating mental health disabilities,“ says Professor Peter Lake, an expert on higher education law and policy who sees widespread fear and reluctance across the board to “promote diversity
16、that encompasses mental disabilities and mood disorders.“ Lake often tells skeptics about a man who suffered from clinical depression and constantly talked about suicide: His name was Abraham Lincoln. “We dont want to remove these people,“ Lake says. “We want to expand the definition of diversity to
17、 make sure theyre included.“Most lifetime cases of mental health conditions begin by the age of 24, and thanks to a variety of factors, including rising antidepressant prescription rates and stigma reduction efforts, college students are more and more likely to ask campus counselors for assistance.
18、The number of students seeking counseling for “severe“ psychological problems jumped from 16 percent in 2000 to 39 percent in 2012; the percentage of students who report suicidal thoughts has risen along with it.“Schools should encourage students to seek treatment. But a lot of policies I see involv
19、e excessive use of discipline and involuntary leaves of absence, and they discourage students from asking for the help they need,“ says Karen Bower, a private attorney who specializes in disability discrimination cases in higher education. “Ultimately, that makes the campus less safe.“Two large-scal
20、e studies found that around 10 percent of college student respondents had thought about suicide in the past year, but only 1.5 percent admitted to having made a suicide attempt. Combined with data from other studies, that suggests that the odds that a student with suicidal ideationthe medical term f
21、or suicidal thoughtswill actually commit suicide are 1,000 to 1. “Thus, policies that impose restrictions on students who manifest suicidal ideation will sweep in 999 students who would not commit suicide for every student who will end his or her life,“ Paul S. Appelbaum writes in Law by examining a
22、ll the possible combinations, theorists can spot outcomes that individuals acting alone cannot achieve. They then focus on something called the “core“ of the gamethose outcomes that are “stable“ in the sense that no subgroup would do better by breaking away and acting alone. But the theory is pivota
23、l in understanding how to set up medical job-matching system in a stable way so that no hospital or medical school wants to break off and set up alone. Cooperative game theory is still being used in cutting edge auction design.And the Nobel is just one example of real-life problems solved by micro.
24、A thoroughly macroeconomic problemunconventional monetary policyis another. In 2007 and 2008, central banks and finance ministries decided that it was a good idea to follow this policy which involves exchanging good assets (cash or treasury bills, for example) for illiquid ones. But working out exac
25、tly how to do it was a very different question. One major stumbling block was to work out what price to pay for the bad assets: markets were thinly traded and prices often did not exist.Micro theorists came up with the answers. In America, various academics advised the US Treasury in 2008. But the b
26、est example of micro in action is Britain, where the Bank of England uses a new type of auctionthe Product Mix auctiondesigned by Paul Klemperer. The Banks Governor, Sir Mervyn King, clearly finds micro theory useful:There is an important lesson about making cutting edge economics accessible here. A
27、uction theory uses very tough mathematics to grind out results. But micro theorists also work hard on the intuition for their work. As an example, the results from Mr Klemperers auction can be set out in a simple graphical format. This means non-specialists (like central bank governors) can access i
28、t easily, making it much more useful in policy settings. In macroeconomics, the opposite seems to be true: the maths is actually easier, but it is just hard enough to exclude non-specialists, and this shields models from popular scrutiny.Micro has made big recent developments in much more familiar a
29、reas too, including how we should think about the economics of Facebook, stock exchanges, newspapers and money. These are all platforms or intermediaries that link two types of user (Facebook connects users and advertisers, exchanges connect buyers and sellers). The economics of these platforms has
30、spawned a new branch of micro, first developed by Jean Tirole and Jean Charles-Rochet in the early 2000s.These types of new insight explain why leading academic microeconomics are also top advisers at innovative technology firms. Hal Varian, probably the worlds best known microeconomist, is also the
31、 top economist at Google. Granted, this happens with banks and business-school academics too, but in microeconomics the “real world“ experience seems to be nourishing the discipline in a way that is less clear in macro.A final strength may come from geographic diversity. In micro, while American uni
32、versities lead the field, there are lots of other world-class hubs too. Macroeconomics, by comparison, is an all-American affair. Maybe this means a more diverse set of ideas about how firms, consumer and markets work are being brought to academic work in micro. Whatever the reason, microeconomists
33、are on the up.36 All the following facts can support the view of “microeconomists are on the march“ EXCEPT that they _.（A）won the Nobel Prize by building on cooperative game theory（B） exchanged good assets such as cash for illiquid ones（C） made suggestions for the US Treasury in 2008（D）are hired as
34、top consultants at some innovative technology firms37 It can be learned that cooperative game theory _.（A）is a new theory proposed by two Nobel Prize winners this week（B） helps predict the outcome when people work together（C） emphasizes that all subgroups can do equally well as acting together（D）off
35、ers some crucial insights into medical job-matching system38 What does the phrase “grind out“ (Line 2, Para. 5) mean?（A）Search something with perseverance.（B） Achieve something with certainty.（C） Produce something with difficulty.（D）Deliver something with efficiency.39 It can be inferred from Paragr
36、aph 7 that the “real world“ experience _.（A）develops microeconomics in a more obscure way than that in macroeconomics（B） is of greater value in macro sectors like banks and business schools（C） qualifies microeconomics for the work at innovative technology firms（D）provides new insights which influenc
37、e microeconomics in a less clear way40 The title that best expresses the theme of the passage is _.（A）The Nobel Prize Goes to Two Microeconomists（B） Microeconomics: Real World Experience（C） The Origin of Cooperative Game Theory（D）Microeconomics: A Golden Age of MicroPart B (10 points) 40 When an Ame
38、rican policeman pulled over a Volkswagen (VW) Jetta in 2013, he suspected that the array of pipes sticking out of the back of the car and the grey box and portable generator in the vehicle were a sign of something fishy. He was right. The West Virginia University researchers inside the car had nothi
39、ng to hide. 【B1】_ The decision by VW, a pillar of Germanys car industry, to fit “defeat devices“ and cheat emissions tests in up to 11m cars has so far cost the company $ 21bn in fines and compensation in North America alone.【B2 】_ Jack Ewing, a journalist for the New York Times, offers a timely gui
40、de to the scandal, setting out in detail why VWs corporate culture led to the deception.He delves into VWs origins, when Adolf Hitler ordered the construction of a “peoples car“, or Volkswagen in German. VW set up shop in the German countryside. Wolfsburg bred a “headquarters mentality“ that insulat
41、ed the firm from outside influence. 【B3】 _.This allowed autocratic bosses to have their way. Ferdinand Pich became chief executive in 1993 at a time when the company was struggling. To win back sales, Mr. Ewing argues, he created the conditions that allowed the fraud to “fester“. To keep workers ons
42、ide, the company had to carry on growing. Managers were kept quiet through fear. The ruthless Mr. Pich replaced almost the entire management board by his second year in the job.His successor as CEO, Martin Winterkorn, a man cut from the same cloth, wanted the firm to become the worlds biggest carmak
43、er. An assault on the American market, where VW was weak and emissions regulations much tighter than in Europe, was vital to overtaking Toyota and General Motors. To meet that demanding target, though, VW had to cheat.【B4 】_ The company insists the deception was cooked up by middle managers and that
44、 senior bosses, despite a reputation for microscopic attention to detail, knew nothing of the fraud until it was too late. If there is clear evidence implicating bigger fish it has yet to emerge.【B5 】_ European customers are pursuing class-action lawsuits for compensation , though VW insists it did
45、nothing wrong in Europe, where the rules are laxer. Mr. Pich left the company before the scandal erupted and Mr. Winterkorn has since resigned. Several employees have been arrested or charged with criminal offences in America. German prosecutors are investigating nearly 40 employees and have begun a
46、 probe into Matthias Mller, the latest CEO and another long-serving insider, for failing to warn shareholders in a timely manner about the scandal. The company has denied those allegations. In any event, Mr. Ewings tale will need a new edition with extra chapters. A Mr. Ewing explains why VW cheated
47、, but pinpointing who was responsible has been much harder. B The German car maker has been installing “defeat devices“-software that allows cars to cheat in emissions tests, making them appear cleaner than they actually are. C The scandal still haunts VW, despite a settlement with American law enfo
48、rcers and compensation for American car-buyers. D Martin Winterkorn, the German companys chief executive, accepted responsibility when he resigned , but denied any wrongdoing on his part. E But the tests they were conducting on the exhaust fumes, meant to prove the cleanliness of modern diesel engin
49、es, uncovered one of the biggest and boldest frauds in corporate history. F Unprecedented union power, handed over in the 1960s as the price the federal government paid for floating the firm on the stockmarket, and the sway of the state of Lower Saxony, which retained a 20% voting stake in the company, gave outside shareholders little say. G Why did the company deliberately set out to engineer cars that
