1、考研英语（一）模拟试卷 20 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 0 Bilingualism, of course, can be a leg up for college admission and a resume polisher. But a growing body of research now offers a f
2、urther【C1】_: the regular, high-level use of more than one language may actually improve early brain development.According to several different studies, command of two or more languages strengthens the ability to focus【C2】_distraction, decide between competing alternatives, and disregard【C3】_informat
3、ion. These essential skills are【C4】_together, known in brain terms as “executive function. “ The research suggests they develop ahead of time in bilingual children, and are already【C5】_in kids as young as 3 or 4. 【C6】 _no one has yet identified the exact mechanism by which bilingualism boosts brain
4、development, the【C7】_likely stems from the bilinguals need to【C8 】_select the right language for a given situation. According to Ellen Bialystok, a professor at York University in Toronto, this constant selecting process is strenuous exercise for the brain and involves processes【C9】_those required f
5、or monolingual speech, 【C10】_an extra store of mental sharpness, or, in Bialystoks terms, a “cognitive【C11】_. “For parents whose toddlers cant read Tolstoy in the【C12】_Russian, the research does offer some【C13】_: Tamar Gollan, a professor at University of California, San Diego, has found a vocabular
6、y【C14】_between children who speak only one language and those who grow up with more. 【C15】_, the more languages spoken, the smaller the vocabulary in each one. The rule of【C16】_for improving in any language is【C17】_practice. “The more you use it, the better off you are,“ Gollan says. “Vocabulary tes
7、ts, SATs, GREsthose are tests that【C18】_the absolute limits of your ability, and thats where we find that bilinguals have the【C19 】 _, where you know the word but you just cant get it out. “ Gollan believes this deficit can be【C20】_with extra study. 309 words1 【C1 】（A）justification（B） supposition（C）
8、 approval（D）reflection2 【C2 】（A）in the course of（B） in place of（C） in the face of（D）in respect of3 【C3 】（A）additional（B） irrelevant（C） confidential（D）disputable4 【C4 】（A）blended（B） grouped（C） held（D）brought5 【C5 】（A）absent（B） unique（C） common（D）evident6 【C6 】（A）While（B） Since（C） Once（D）Lest7 【C7 】（A
9、）significance（B） possibility（C） tendency（D）advantage8 【C8 】（A）immediately（B） correctly（C） continually（D）gradually9 【C9 】（A）opposite（B） about（C） beyond（D）within10 【C10 】（A）standing for（B） coming from（C） resulting in（D）relying on11 【C11 】（A）reserve（B） approach（C） barrier（D）distortion12 【C12 】（A）origin
10、al（B） primary（C） initial（D）authentic13 【C13 】（A）benefit（B） advice（C） evidence（D）comfort14 【C14 】（A）balance（B） gap（C） split（D）link15 【C15 】（A）For instance（B） In addition（C） By contrast（D）On average16 【C16 】（A）conduct（B） thumb（C） road（D）reason17 【C17 】（A）simple（B） entire（C） bare（D）almost18 【C18 】（A）se
11、t（B） push（C） control（D）probe19 【C19 】（A）disapproval（B） disadvantage（C） disbelief（D）distinction20 【C20 】（A）made out（B） accounted for（C） compensated for（D）figured outPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)20 Innovation
12、 is a word like democracy. Everyone is in favour of it, but different people attach different meanings to it. Is Easyjet an innovative company? Along with Ryanair, the company transformed the European aviation market. But everything the company did was already done by someone else, and the entire pr
13、oduct and process were close to those South West Airlines had pioneered in the US.The frequent, often unnoticed, shift between wide and narrow definitions of innovation may be seriously misleading. Generalities about the importance of innovation in creating competitive advantage in business are tran
14、slated into specific policies to subsidise research and development and the promotion of particular kinds of scientific education.Such policies are described as “techno nationalism“ in an important recent book called The Venturesome Economy by Amar Bhide. Techno nationalism is derived from the belie
15、f that economic growth depends on high technology and that we will benefit fully from it only if it is our own high technology. Techno nationalism is as common in Europe, which believes it is falling behind, as in America, which fears it may be overtaken. But the fear that western economic prosperit
16、y is endangered by Chinas flood of engineering graduates is not only exaggerated; it may be the reverse of the truth.The central fallacy of the New Economy bubble was that most of the benefits of new technologies would go to pioneering companies. But the repeated experience of economic history is th
17、at competition ensures that the larger part of the benefits of these technologies accrue to users. In a speculative calculation, the American economist Bill Nordhaus has suggested that consumers get more than 97 per cent of the value of innovations.What is true of companies is also true of states. T
18、he US has a world leading position in information technology but the products of that technology are available everywhere with minimal delay. And cheaply: the profits of Microsoft, though large in absolute terms, are less than 0. 1 per cent of the national income of the US and Europe.What distinguis
19、hes the US is not just its innovative technologists, but its innovative manufacturers , retailers and consumers. Discoveries are made in an environment that is responsive to ideas, ready to embrace change and always willing to try out something new. People who are likely to invent things want to be
20、part of a culture that is open to novelty, and cultures that are open to novelty are those that will reward innovators best. That is why there are so many entrepreneurs in the US and Britain.Commercial and economic success, even in technological industries, depends not on the quality of technology,
21、but on the match between technology and the needs of its customers. That is why the growing technological capabilities of China and India create more commercial opportunities than threats for American and European businesses. 492 words21 We can learn from the first paragraph that Easyjet_.（A）pioneer
22、ed many innovative business ideas（B） competed heavily with Ryanair for European market（C） set a good example for South West Airlines（D）benefited greatly from adopting effective business ideas22 Which of the following statement is true about techno nationalism?（A）Its definition has been in a constant
23、 change.（B） It is tied up with innovation in a wide sense.（C） It advocates developing self-owned high technology.（D）It leads to a conflict between Europe and America.23 Microsoft is cited to illustrate the point that_.（A）pioneering companies benefit most from new technologies（B） new technology produ
24、cts tend to become widely available（C） US holds a world leading position in information technology（D）consumers are the biggest beneficiaries of tech-innovation24 What makes US distinguished in technological innovation?（A）Its open-to-novelty environment.（B） Its techno nationalism.（C） Its democratic g
25、overnment.（D）Its large amount of engineering graduates.25 The author tends to regard the view that U. S. faces growing technology threat as_.（A）an unnecessary fear（B） a far-sighted warning（C） a surprising truth（D）a well-grounded statement25 Jury duty is bad enough, but imagine not being able to chec
26、k your phone or e-mail to help relieve the boredom. Thats the new rule in Michigan, where trial judges are now required to order jurors not to use phones or other electronic devices while in trial or in deliberations. Telling your Twitter followers you are stuck at the courthouse is not likely to ti
27、p the scales of Lady Justice, but Googling for background info on a case is the legal equivalent of ripping off her blindfold.Despite admonitions from judges, many jurors cant seem to keep their hands off their electronic devices, posting updates on their Facebook pages and far more worrisome mining
28、 the Internet during breaks in a trial. “The accused has a right to confront the accuser, and you cant cross-examine Wikipedia on the stand,“ says Douglas Keene, an Austin, Texas, jury consultant. He points to a recent example of outside-the-jury-box research by one juror that led to a mistrial in a
29、 case in Miami. When the judge subsequently interviewed the other jurors, he discovered that in total, nine of the 12 had been Googling after hours.“If a generation is going to arrive in the jury box that is totally unused to sitting and listening but is using technology to gain the information it n
30、eeds to form a judgment, that changes the whole orality tradition with which we are familiar,“ Sir Igor Judge , Britains Chief Justice, said. In the past, the trial lawyer would present evidence orally, perhaps with a few paper exhibits, but todays jurors want to see the supporting evidence in detai
31、l. “One thing we see often in mock trials is, jurors are used to seeing source documents,“ says Anne Reed, a Milwaukee attorney and former jury consultant. “In todays world, I can go online and see the underlying document if the newspaper report quotes a memo, I can link to a copy of the memo. “Goog
32、ling for more information is an unconscious habit for most of us, Reed adds, noting that she keeps her iPhone at hand as she watches television. This modern reflex can lead jurors to digital misadventures. Reed fears that the next challenge facing the jury system will be the deliberate planting of m
33、isinformation online.Todays courthouses often have free wifi, but many judges are still loath to separate jurors from their cell phones and BlackBerrys during long breaks. However, judges need to do more than simply admonish jurors about what not to do they need to explain why, Keene says.The tempta
34、tion to hop online is so great, and the habit so ingrained, that, as Keene notes, a burglar in Pennsylvania ended up getting caught because he stopped to look at his Facebook page on the victims computer, leaving an online trail for the police to follow. “If a burglar cant resist checking his Facebo
35、ok status while in the high-adrenaline process of burglarizing your home,“ Keene writes, “whats to stop a juror during courtroom tedium?“ 498 words26 The author thinks that the new rule in Michigan is_.（A）boring（B） confusing（C） unnecessary（D）reasonable27 By “you cant cross-examine Wikipedia on the s
36、tand“(Line 4, Para 2), Keene conveys his idea that_.（A）jurors online activities should be accepted（B） its difficult to judge the credibility of online information（C） its very difficult to forbid jurors online activities（D）online information should be accepted as evidence28 Traditionally, jurors form
37、 their judgment based on_.（A）lawyers oral evidence（B） source documents（C） case memo（D）detailed supporting evidence29 According to the text, jurors Googling for information_.（A）has helped form well-informed judgments（B） has affected the traditional jury system（C） has led to judgment leakages（D）has le
38、d to deliberate misjudements30 By mentioning the burglar case, Keene wants to illustrate that forbidding jurorss online activities is_.（A）a challenging task（B） an impractical idea（C） a great proposal（D）an unnecessary effort30 For a subject that arouses such strong passions, “network neutrality“ is f
39、iendishly difficult to pin down. Ask five geeks and you may well be given six definitions of it. The basic concept sounds simple enough; that the internets pipes should show no favours and blindly deliver packets of data from one place to another regardless of their origin, destination or contents.
40、But the devil is in the detail. What happens for instance if some people want to pay for their data to go faster, or if others hog all the bandwidth?This debate is loudest in America, uncoincidentally the developed market with the least competitive market in internet access. Democrats, who are in fa
41、vour of net-neutrality rules, insist regulation is needed to prevent network operators discriminating in favour of their own services. A cable-TV firm that sells both broadband internet access and television services over its cables might, for example, try to block internet-based video that competes
42、 with its own television packages. Republicans, meanwhile, worry that net neutrality will be used to justify a takeover of the internet by government bureaucrats, stifling innovation.From a consumers perspective, both sides are half right. Without some neutrality rules it is unclear how a network op
43、erator can be stopped from blocking particular sites or services. But overly prescriptive rules that fossilise the internet in its current form could indeed hamper innovation. Firms that come up with faster and fancier services should be able to charge a premium, just as delivery companies and airli
44、nes do.So the fact that zealots on both sides are moaning about the new regime finally passed by Americas telecoms regulator on December 21st is on the whole a good sign. Two of the three new rules from the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) are relatively straightforward. The difficulty comes
45、with the FCCs third rule, prohibiting “unreasonable discrimination“. Discrimination, in this context, means letting some packets of data travel faster than others. To net-neutrality purists, any kind of discrimination is unacceptable: by allowing the “reasonable“ sort the FCC has, in their view, lef
46、t open a vast loophole. That seems overly conservative, to this newspaper. Why on earth shouldnt a company be able to charge more for, say, faster delivery of video or special broadband links that ensure snappy connections for video-gamers? Such “fast-tracking“ is already widespread.These details ma
47、ke the omission more startling: the failure in America to tackle the underlying lack of competition in the provision of internet access. In other rich countries it would not matter if some operators blocked some sites: consumers could switch to a rival provider. That is because the big telecoms firm
48、s with wires into peoples homes have to offer access to their networks on a wholesale basis, ensuring vigorous competition between dozens of providers, with lower prices and faster connections than are available in America. Getting Americas phone and cable companies to open up their networks to othe
49、rs would be a lot harder for politicians than prattling on about neutrality; but it would do far more to open up the net. 515words31 The debate about network neutrality focuses on_.（A）the complexity of its basic concept（B） the uncertainty in its details（C） the difficulties in realizing it（D）the worries about its impact32 The example of a cable-TV firm is offered to_.（A）show the fierce com
