1、考研英语（一）模拟试卷 25（无答案）一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 0 American higher education stands on the brink(边缘) of chaos. 1 have so many spent so long learning so little.The present crisis 2 the
2、increasingly widespread acceptance among faculty and administrators of the fatal educational 3 that a student should not be required to do any academic work that 4 him. If a student prefers not to study science or history or literature, he is 5 to attain his degree without studying any science, hist
3、ory, or literature.Throughout the country the attempt is being 6 to provide students with what is advertised as a 7 education without requiring of them the necessary self-discipline and hard work. Students have been led to believe they can achieve _8_ effort, that all they need to do in order to obt
4、ain a good education is skip (跳跃) casually down the merry road to learning. Unfortunately, that road is no 9 a detour(绕路) to the dead end of ignorance.We must realize that becoming an educated person is a difficult, demanding 10 Just as anyone who spoke of intense 11 training as a continuous source
5、of pleasure and delight would be thought a fool, for we all know how much pain and frustration such training involves, so anyone who speaks of intense mental 12 as a continuous source of joy and ecstasy ought to be thought 13 foolish, for such effort also involves pain and frustration. Of course, th
6、ere can be joy in learning as there can be joy in sport. But in both cases the joy is a result of overcoming genuine 14 and cannot be experienced without sweat.And that he 15 well is no reason why he should not be criticized for an 16 performance. Such criticism, when well-founded and constructive,
7、is 17 demeaning (有辱人格的). Yet criticism of any sort is _18_ nowadays. _19_student opinion is given greater arid greater 20 in the evaluation of faculty, professors are busy trying to ingratiate (迎合) themselves with the students.（A）Invariably（B） Barely（C） Never（D）Hardly（A）shows up（B） sides with（C） pre
8、vails over（D）stems from（A）code（B） principle（C） moral（D）standard（A）displeases（B） distracts（C） disciplines（D）disapproves（A）convinced（B） consented（C） allowed（D）acknowledged（A）done（B） made（C） offered（D）carried（A）humane（B） generous（C） lively（D）liberal（A）without（B） through（C） despite（D）by（A）rather than（B）
9、 fewer than（C） less than（D）more than（A）behavior（B） vocation（C） enteiprise（D）career（A）manual（B） physical（C） material（D）solid（A）exertion（B） strain（C） practice（D）drill（A）evenly（B） comparatively（C） thoroughly（D）equally（A）trials（B） challenges（C） tortures（D）dilemmas（A）thinks（B） implies（C） assumes（D）means（
10、A）inadequate（B） unqualified（C） incompetent（D）incapable（A）by all means（B） in a sense（C） in no way（D）in any case（A）scarce（B） scanty（C） exceptional（D）rare（A）Whereas（B） As（C） Though（D）Unless（A）weight（B） measure（C） importance（D）stressPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions b
11、elow each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)20 It is hard to box against a southpaw, as Apollo Creed found out when he fought Rocky Balboa in the first of an interminable series of movies. While “Rocky“ is fiction, the strategic advantage of being left-handed in a fight is very real, simply
12、because most right-handed people have little experience of fighting left-handers, but not vice versa.The orthodox view of human handedness is that it is connected to the bilateral specialization of the brain that has concentrated language-processing functions on the left side of that organ. Because
13、long ago in the evolutionary past, an ancestor of humans underwent a contortion that twisted its head around 180 relative to its body, the left side of the brain controls the right side of the body, and vice versa. In humans, the left brain is usually dominant. And on average, left-handers are small
14、er and lighter than right-handers. That should put them at an evolutionary disadvantage. Sporting advantage notwithstanding, therefore, the existence of left-handedness poses a problem for biologists. But Charlotte Faurie thinks he knows the answer.As any schoolboy could tell you, winning fights enh
15、ances your status. If, in prehistory, this translated into increased reproductive success, it might have been enough to maintain a certain proportion of left-handers in the population, by balancing the costs of being left-handed with the advantages gained in fighting. If that is true, then there wil
16、l be a higher proportion of left-handers in societies with higher levels of violence, since the advantages of being left-handed will be enhanced in such societies. Dr. Faurie sets out to test this hypothesis. Fighting in modern societies often involves the use of technology, notably firearms, that i
17、s unlikely to give any advantage to left-handers. So Dr. Faurie decided to confine his investigation to the proportion of left-handers and the level of violence in traditional societies.By trawling the literature, checking with police departments, and even going out into the field and asking people,
18、 Dr. Faurie found that the proportion of left-handers in a traditional society is, indeed, correlated with its homicide rate. One of the highest proportions of left-handers, for example, was found among the Yanomamo of South America. Raiding and warfare are central to Yanomamo culture. The murder ra
19、te is 4 per 1,000 inhabitants per year. And, according to Dr. Faurie, 22. 6% of Yanomamo are left-handed. In contrast, Dioula-speaking people of Burkina Faso in West Africa are virtual pacifists. There are only 0.013 murders per 1 ,000 inhabitants among them and only 3.4% of the population is left-h
20、anded.While there is no suggestion that left-handed people are more violent than the right-handed, it looks as though they are more successfully violent. Perhaps that helps to explain the double meaning of the word “sinister“.21 The example of “Apollo Creed“ is mentioned to show that_.（A）right-hande
21、rs are put at a psychological disadvantage（B） right-handers do not excel at boxing（C） left-handers enjoy advantage in some sports（D）left-handers are often involved in fighting22 Dr. Faurie takes traditional societies as the subject of investigation because in them_.（A）high rate of crimes of violence
22、 is documented（B） the proportion of left-handers is relatively high（C） left-handers advantage is given full play（D）left-handers are much more violent than right-handers23 Paragraph 4 is used to_.（A）illustrate the relationship between left-handers and violence（B） indicate causes for high criminal rat
23、e in traditional society（C） compare murder rates in different tribal regions（D）prove left-handers inclination to commit crimes24 The authors attitude toward left-handers is_.（A）impartial（B） indifferent（C） biased（D）sympathetic25 The double meaning of the word “sinister“ may be _.（A）left and inferior（
24、B） left and tricky（C） left and vulnerable（D）left and evil25 We assumed ethics needed the seal of certainty, else it was non-rational. And certainty was to be produced by a deductive model: the correct actions were derivable from classical first principles or a hierarchically ranked pantheon of princ
25、iples. This model, though, is bankrupt.I suggest we think of ethics as analogous to language usage. There are no univocal rules of grammar and style which uniquely determine the best sentence for a particular situation. Nor is language usage universalizable. Although a sentence or phrase is warrante
26、d in one case, it does not mean it is automatically appropriate in like circumstances. Nonetheless, language usage is not subjective.This should not surprise us in the least. All intellectual pursuits are relativistic in these senses. Political science, psychology, chemistry, and physics are not cer
27、tain, but they are not subjective either. As I see it, ethical inquiry proceeds like this: we are taught moral principles by parents, teachers, and society at large. As we grow older we become exposed to competing views. These may lead us to reevaluate presently held beliefs. Or we may find ourselve
28、s inexplicably making certain valuations, possibly because of inherited altruistic tendencies. We may “learn the hard way“ that some actions generate unacceptable consequences. Or we may reflect upon our own and others “theories“ or patterns of behavior and decide they are inconsistent. The resultin
29、g views are “tested“ ; we act as we think we should and evaluate the consequences of those actions on ourselves and on others. We thereby correct our mistakes in light of the test of time.Of course people make different moral judgments; of course we cannot resolve these differences by using some alg
30、orithm which is itself beyond judgment. We have no vantage point outside human experience where we can judge right and wrong, good and bad. But then we dont have a vantage point from where we can be philosophical relativists either.We are left within the real world, trying to cope with ourselves, wi
31、th each other, with the world, and with our own mistakes. We do not have all the moral answers; nor do we have an algorithm to discern those answers. Neither do we possess an algorithm for determining correct language usage but that does not make us throw up our hands in despair because we can no lo
32、nger communicate.If we understand ethics in this way, we can see, I think, the real value of ethical theory. Some people talk as if ethical theories give us moral prescriptions. They think we should apply ethical principles as a poultice; after diagnosing the illness, we apply the appropriate dressi
33、ng. But that is a mistake. No theory provides a set of abstract solutions to apply straightforwardly. Ethical theories are important not because they solve all moral dilemmas but because they help us notice salient features of moral problems and help us understand those problems in context.26 Ethics
34、 was generally considered to be _.（A）definite and clear（B） vague and uncertain（C） certain but non-rational（D）relative but not subjective27 In what way is ethics comparable to language usage?（A）Both have rules to make the optimal choice under a circumstance.（B） Both vary according to the context they
35、 are applicable to.（C） Both are thought to be objective, not subjective existence.（D）Both contain sets of rules applied in quite different conditions.28 In Paragraph 3, the author uses the expression of “learn the hard way“ to mean that_ .（A）we try to reevaluate our previously held beliefs as we gro
36、w older（B） we refute some moral principles only after we find them inconsistent（C） we acquire a sense of right and wrong from our real life lessons（D）we become mature through ignoring our inherited unselfish tendencies29 It can be inferred from the text that a relativistic view of ethics _.（A）can on
37、ly be acquired after suffering loss（B） often generates unacceptable consequences（C） is cultivated and developed with personal growth（D）is too abstract to be of any practical value30 The main feature of the ethical theory advanced by the author lies in its _.（A）situation-sensitivity（B） prescriptive f
38、unction（C） confirmation of existing moral values（D）effectiveness in solving moral problems30 For the past 250 years, politicians and hard-headed men of business have diligently ignored what economics, has to say about the gains from trademuch as they may pretend, or in some cases even believe, that
39、they are paying close attention. Except for those on the hard left, politicians of every ideological stripe these days swear their allegiance to the basic principle of free trade. Businessmen say the same. So when either group issues its calls for barriers against foreign competition, it is never be
40、cause free trade is wrong in principle, it is because foreigners are cheating somehow, rendering the principles void. Or else it is because something about the way the world works has changed, so that the basic principles, ever valid in themselves, need to be adjusted. And those adjustments, of cour
41、se, then oblige these staunch defenders of free-trade-in-principle to call for all manners of restrictions on trade.In this way, protectionism is periodically refreshed and reinvented. Anti-trade sentiment, especially in the United States, is currently becoming one of its strongest revivals in years
42、. Earlier bogus “new conditions“ that were deemed to undermine the orthodox case for liberal trade included the growth of crossborder capital flows, the recognition that some industries exposed to foreign competition may have strategic significance for the wider economy, and concerns over exploitati
43、on of workers in developing countries. Todays bogus new condition, which is proving far more potent in political terms than any of the others, is the fact that international competition is now impinging on industries previously sheltered from it by the constraints of technology and geography.It is n
44、o longer just manufacturing that is feeling the pressure of toreign competition. It is no longer just dirty blue-collar jobs that are moving offshore. Jobs in services are now migrating as well, some of them requiring advanced skills, notably in computer programming. Services constitute much the lar
45、ger part of every advanced economy. At the end of this process, what will be left? Gosh, Adam Smith never thought of this. Trade policy needs to be, completely rethought. Well, actually , no Gregory Mankiw, chairman of the Presidents Council of Economic Advisers , pointed out recently that if servic
46、es can be sourced more cheaply overseas than at home, it is to Americas advantage to seize that opportunity. This simple restatement of the logic of liberal trade brought derision down on Mr. Mankiws headand the supposedly pro-trade administration he works for conspicuously failed to defend the plai
47、n truth he had advanced. That was disturbing.The fact that foreign competition now impinges on services as well as manufacturing raises no new issues of principle whatever. If a car can be made more cheaply in Mexico, it should be. If a telephone enquiry can be processed more cheaply in India, it sh
48、ould be. All such transactions raise real incomes on both sides, as resources are advantageously redeployed, with added investment and growth in the exporting country, and lower prices in the importing country. Yes, trade is a positive-sum game. (Adam Smith did think of that.)31 It can be inferred f
49、rom the first paragraph that _.（A）America has a fine history of showing respect to free trade（B） many businessmen and politicians will abandon free trade for their own benefits（C） the hard left politicians in America are real firm advocates of free trade principle（D）businessmen and politicians in America seldom agree with each other in terms of trade32 What seems to be the cause of periodical refreshments of protectionism?（A）The periodical nature of the economic cycle.（B） The constant fluctuation of interest rate.（C） The ins
