1、考研英语（一）模拟试卷 41 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 1 It is an astonishing fact that there are laws of nature, rules that summarize conveniently (1)_ qualitatively but quantitativelyhow
2、 the world works. We might (2)_ a universe in which there are no such laws, in which the 1,080 elementary particles that (3)_ a universe like our own behave with utter and uncompromising abandon. To understand such a universe we would need a brain (4)_ as massive as the universe. It seems (5)_ that
3、such a universe could have life and intelligence, because being and brains (6)_ some degree of internal stability and order. But (7)_ in a much more random universe there were such beings with an intelligence much (8)_ than our own, there could not be much knowledge, passion or joy.(9)_ for us, we l
4、ive in a universe that has at least important parts that are knowable. Our common sense experience and our evolutionary history have (10)_ us to understand something of the workaday world. When we go into other realms, however, common sense and ordinary intuition (11)_ highly unreliable guides. It i
5、s stunning that as we go close to the speed of light our mass (12)_ indefinitely, we shrink toward zero thickness (13)_ the direction of motion, and time for us comes as near to stopping as we would like. Many people think that this is silly, and every week (14)_ I get a letter from someone who comp
6、lains to me about it. But it is virtually certain consequence not just of experiment but also of Albert Einsteins (15)_ analysis of space and time called the Special Theory of Relativity. It does not matter that these effects seem unreasonable to us. We are not (16)_ the habit of traveling close to
7、the speed of light. The testimony of our common sense is suspect at high velocities.The idea that the world places restrictions on (17)_ humans might do is frustrating. Why shouldnt we be able to have intermediate rotational positions? Why cant we (18)_ faster than the speed of light? But (19)_ we c
8、an tell, this is the way the universe is constructed. Such prohibitions not only (20)_ us toward a little humility; they also make the world more knowable.（A）just（B） very（C） just not（D）not just（A）see（B） think（C） imagine（D）believe（A）make（B） make of（C） make up（D）make from（A）at least（B） at most（C） at l
9、ast（D）at the cost（A）likely（B） unlikely（C） really（D）unreal（A）want（B） need（C） require（D）acquire（A）unless（B） until（C） if（D）even if（A）more（B） larger（C） bigger（D）greater（A）Fortunately（B） Unfortunately（C） Happily（D）Unhappily（A）provided（B） prepared（C） armed（D）got ready（A）turn to（B） turn on（C） turn out to b
10、e（D）turn away from（A）decreases（B） increases（C） reduces（D）adds（A）in（B） at（C） with（D）from（A）or two（B） and two（C） even two（D）of two（A）clever（B） wise（C） brilliant（D）intelligent（A）of（B） in（C） with（D）at（A）that（B） which（C） matter（D）what（A）go（B） walk（C） travel（D）run（A）if（B） unless（C） so far（D）so far as（A）pr
11、ess（B） have（C） make（D）entailPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)20 In 1929 John D. Rockefeller decided it was time to sell shares when even a shoe-shine boy offered him a share tip. During the past week The Econom
12、ists economics editor has been-advised by a taxi driver, a plumber and a hairdresser that “you cant go wrong“ investing in housingthe more you own the better. Is this a sign that it is time to get out? At the very least, as house prices around the world climb to ever loftier heights, and more and mo
13、re people jump on to the buy-to-let ladder, it is time to expose some of the fallacies regularly trotted out by so many self-appointed housing experts.One common error is that house prices must continue to rise because of a limited supply of land. For instance, it is argued that “house prices will a
14、lways rise in London because lots of people want to live here“. But this confuses the level of prices with their rate of change. Home prices are bound to be higher in big cities because of land scarcity, but this does not guarantee that urban house prices will keep rising indefinitelyjust look at To
15、kyos huge price-drops since 1990. And, though it is true that a fixed supply of homes may push up house prices if the population is rising, this would imply a steady rise in prices, not the 20% annual jumps of recent years.A second flawed argument is that low interest rates make buying a home cheape
16、r, and so push up demand and prices. Lower interest rates may have allowed some people, who otherwise could not have afforded a mortgage, to buy a home. But many borrowers who think mortgages are cheaper are suffering from money illusion.Interest rates are not very low in real, inflation-adjusted te
17、rms. Initial interest payments may seem low in relation to income, but because inflation is also low it will not erode the real burden of debt as swiftly as it once did. So in later years mortgage payments will be much larger in real terms. To argue that low nominal interest rates make buying a home
18、 cheaper is like arguing that a car loan paid off over four years is cheaper than one repaid over two years.Fallacy number three is a favourite claim of Alan Greenspan, chairman of Americas Federal Reserve. This is that price bubbles are less likely in housing than in the stockmarket because higher
19、transaction costs discourage speculation. In fact, several studies have shown that both in theory and in practice bubbles are more likely in housing than in shares. A study by the IMF finds that a sharp rise in house prices is far more likely to be followed by a bust than is a share-price boom.21 Th
20、e term “fallacies“ (Line 6, Paragraph 1) most probably means_.（A）ridiculous strategies（B） obsolete methodologies（C） mistaken beliefs（D）far-fetched assertions22 What is the relationship between the opening paragraph and the rest of the text?（A）The deadly sins are singled out in the first paragraph an
21、d then denied by the author of the text.（B） A generalization is made in the opening paragraph and elaborated in the following paragraphs.（C） The unusual anecdotes are quoted in the first paragraph and then articulated in the following paragraphs.（D）A generalization is advanced in the opening paragra
22、ph and refuted in the following paragraphs.23 The author of the text makes a comparison in_.（A）Paragraph 4（B） concluding paragraph（C） Paragraph 2（D）opening paragraph24 The views of Alan Greenspan and the author of the text on price bubbles are_.（A）complementary（B） identical（C） opposite（D）similar25 T
23、o which of the following is author likely to agree?（A）It is time to illustrate some popular fallacies about buying a home.（B） Some popular flawed arguments about buying a home should be made known to the public for the time being.（C） People should be punctual in business dealings of shares and housi
24、ng.（D）Alan Greenspans claim can hold water with respect to fallacy member three.26 Could money cure sick health-care systems in Britain, which will be the place to look for proof in 2003. The National Health Service (NHS), which offers free health care financed by taxes, is receiving an emergency no
25、-expense-spared injection of cash. By 2007, total health spending in Britain will reach over 9% of GDPthe same share France had when it was rated the worlds best health service by the World Health Organization in 2000.The Labor governments response was not to conduct a fundamental review about how b
26、est to reform health care for the 21st century. Rather, it concluded that shortage of money, not the form of financing or provision, was the main problem. In 2002, Gordon Brown, the powerful chancellor of the exchequer, used a review of the NHSs future financing requirements to reject alternative fu
27、nding models that would allow patients to sign up with competing insurers and so exercise greater control over their own health care.Alan Milburn, the health minister, has made some tentative steps back towards the internal market introduced by the Conservative government. It means that a dozen top-
28、ranking hospitals will also have been given greater freedom to run their own affairs. However, these reforms will not deliver real consumer power to patients.As a result, the return on the money pouring into the NHS looks set to be disappointingly meager. Already there are worrying signs that much o
29、f the cash cascade will be soaked up in higher pay and shorter hours for staff and bear little relation to extra effort, productivity and quality. Some improvements will occur but far less than might be expected from such a financial windfall.Health-care systems in the developed world share a common
30、 history, argues David Cutler at Harvard University. First governments founded generous universal systems after the Second World War. With few controls over the demand for medical care or its supply, costs then spiraled up. Starting in the 1980s there was a drive to contain expenditure, often throug
31、h crude constraints on medical budgets which ran counter to rising patient expectations Now this strategy has run its course: a third wave of reforms is under way to increase efficiency and restrain demand through cost-sharing between insurers and patients. Viewed from this perspective, the governme
32、nts plan to shower cash on a largely unreformed NHS looks anomalous. But before more fundamental change can be contemplated in Britain, the old system must be shown to be incapable of cure through money. This harsh lesson is likely to be learnt as early as 2003.26 In contrast to Britain, France is f
33、unding their medical care（A）more extravagantly.（B） more cautiously.（C） more consistently.（D）more reasonably.27 Concerning health-care systems in Britain, the author is likely to agree to the statement that（A）the Labor government conducted a review about how to cut down on costs.（B） the money pouring
34、 into the NHS did bring with it productivity and quality.（C） the problem of funds put into medical care should be thoroughly reexamined.（D）the health-care systems in Britain will become the envy of the rest of the world.28 The proposed “alternative funding models“ (Paragraph 2) might be more clearly
35、 based on（A）cost-sharing between insurers and patients.（B） moderate constraints on medical budgets.（C） delivering consumers costs to tax-payers.（D）generous allocations of money to hospitals.29 The views of Alan Milburn and David Culter on the reforms of health-care systems are（A）compatible.（B） oppos
36、ite.（C） complementary.（D）identical.30 The basic problem of health-care systems in Britain as pointed out by the writer seems to lie in（A）restrained freedom.（B） shortage of funds.（C） patients complaints.（D）radical changes.31 Jeffrey Sachs is a macroeconomist by training, an expert in the vagaries of
37、business cycles and international finance. But give the man l0 minutes onstage, and a scholarly symposium starts to feel like a revival meeting. “Let me take you to Malawi,“ he urges a typical audience, leaning into the microphone and lowering his voice. Like most countries in southern Africa, Malaw
38、i has Seen ravaged by AIDS for two decades. One adult in seven is HIV-positive, and some 2 million children have been orphaned. But instead of hurling numbers at his listeners, Sachs transports them to Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital in Blantyre, a site he visited this year while traveling with the
39、 rock star Bono.At one end of the facility is a small outpatient clinic where people who can pay $1 a day receive life-sustaining AIDS drugs. “They take the medicine and they get better,“ Sachs declares. “They return to work. They go back to care for their children.“ Unfortunately, $1 a day is nearl
40、y twice what a typical Malawian lives on. So most AIDS patients end up in wards like the one just down the hall from the outpatient clinic. “ladies and gentlemen“, Sachs tells the now hushed hall, “this plague is exploding. Its consequences will make the world quake. Rich countries could stop the de
41、vastation. And most are still looking away.“Sachs is not the first to sound this alarm, but he speaks with special authority. As the newly appointed director of Columbia Universitys Earth Institute, he heads a huge, interdisciplinary effort to help poor countries build sustainable economies. Instead
42、 of treating climate change, epidemic disease and social upheaval as distinct phenomena, the institutes 800 scientists study the links among such problemsand work to translate their insights into action. Sachs also chairs blue-ribbon panels for the World Health Organization, advises U.N. Secretary-G
43、eneral Kofi Annan on development issues and circles the globe pleading with policymakers to support the Global Fund to Fight AIDS. In the coming year hell help seed new treatment-and-prevention programs throughout Asia and Africa.From Sachss perspective, controlling AIDS is not only a moral imperati
44、ve but also a practical necessity. As he is forever trying to convince political leaders, disease can perpetuate poverty, ruin economies and undermine civic order. As a Sachs-led WHO commission concluded last year, “The burden of disease in some low-income regions.stands as a barrier to economic gro
45、wth and must be addressed frontally and centrally in any comprehensive development strategy.“ As a group, the worlds richest countries now spend just $6 billion a year in health-related development assistance. The Sachs commission concluded that by raising the commitment to $27 billion by 2007 and $
46、38 billion by 2015, we would save 8 million lives every year while improving a third of the worlds prospects for prosperity.31 Jeffrey Sachs is now devoted to（A）the training of macroeconomists.（B） international finance.（C） symposiums and conferences.（D）the fund raising work for poor countries.32 Jef
47、frey Sachs described the situation in Malawi in order to（A）give examples of the poor condition in Malawi.（B） criticize the $1 price of the drugs.（C） appeal to the audiences symphathy.（D）show his sympathy to Malawian people.33 According to the text, sustainable economy（A）focuses on soil, climate, dis
48、ease and so on respectively.（B） takes all problems into consideration and acts accordingly.（C） is only possible after all epidemic diseases were eradicated.（D）is far from the reach of the poor countries,34 The author made a list of Sachss positions to show that（A）Sachs is able to offer great help in
49、 solving the present problems.（B） Sachs is excellent both in academy and politics.（C） Sachs is a widely-recognized expert.（D）Sachs is the example for the readers to follow.35 An immediate and effective action that Sachs-led commission took is to（A）make comments on related issues.（B） urge rich countries to offer help to poor countries.（C） scud doctors to the poor countries.（D）criticize the richest countries.36 Shortly after September 11th, President Bushs father
