1、考研英语（一）模拟试卷 48 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 0 Shopping habits in the United States have changed greatly in the last quarter of the 20th century.【C1】_in the 1900s most American t
2、owns and cities had a Main Street. Main Street was always in the heart of a town. This street was【C2】_on both sides with many【C3 】_businesses. Here, shoppers walked into stores to look at all sorts of merchandise: clothing, furniture, hardware, groceries. 【C4】_, some shops offered【C5 】 _. These shop
3、s included drugstores, restaurants, shoe-repair stores, and barber or hairdressing shops.【C6 】_in the 1950s, a change began to【C7】_. Too many automobiles had crowded into Main Street【C8】_too few parking places were【C9】_shoppers. Because the streets were crowded, merchants began to look with interest
4、 at the open spaces【C10】_the city limits. Open space is what their car-driving customers needed. And open space is what they got【C11 】_the first shopping centre was built. Shopping centers, or rather malls, 【C12 】_as a collection of small new stores【C13】_crowded city centers. 【C14 】_by hundreds of f
5、ree parking space, customers were drawn away from【C15】_areas to outlying malls.And the growing【C16】 _of shopping centers led【C17】_to the building of bigger and better stocked stores; 【C18】_the late 1970s, many shopping malls had almost developed into small cities themselves. In addition to providing
6、 the【C19 】_of one stop shopping, malls were transformed into landscaped parks, 【C20】_benches, fountains, and outdoor entertainment.1 【C1 】（A）As early as（B） Early（C） Early as（D）Earlier2 【C2 】（A）built（B） designed（C） intended（D）lined3 【C3 】（A）varied（B） various（C） sorted（D）mixed up4 【C4 】（A）Apart from（B
7、） However（C） In addition（D）As well5 【C5 】（A）medical care（B） food（C） cosmetics（D）services6 【C6 】（A）Suddenly（B） Abruptly（C） Contrarily（D）But7 【C7 】（A）be taking place（B） take place（C） be taken place（D）have taken place8 【C8 】（A）while（B） yet（C） though（D）and then9 【C9 】（A）available for（B） available to（C）
8、used by（D）ready for10 【C10 】（A）over（B） from（C） out of（D）outside11 【C11 】（A）when（B） while（C） since（D）then12 【C12 】（A）started（B） founded（C） set up（D）organized13 【C13 】（A）out of（B） away from（C） next to（D）near14 【C14 】（A）Attracted（B） Surprised（C） Delighted（D）Enjoyed15 【C15 】（A）inner（B） central（C） shoppi
9、ng（D）downtown16 【C16 】（A）distinction（B） fame（C） popularity（D）liking17 【C17 】（A）on（B） in turn（C） by turns（D）further18 【C18 】（A）By（B） During（C） In（D）Towards19 【C19 】（A）cheapness（B） readiness（C） convenience（D）handiness20 【C20 】（A）because of（B） and（C） with（D）providedPart ADirections: Read the following
10、four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)21 In a science-fiction movie called “Species“, a mysterious signal from outer space turns out to describe the genome of an unknown organism. When the inevitable mad scientist synthesizes the DNA described by the i
11、nstructions, the creature he breeds from it turns out to resemble Natasha Henstridge, an athletic actress. Unfortunately, the alien harbors within her delicate form the destructive powers of a Panzer division, and it all ends badly for the rash geneticist and his laboratory.Glen Evans, chief executi
12、ve of Egea Biosciences in San Diego, California, acknowledges regretfully that despite seeking his expert opinionin return for which he was presented with the poster of the striking Mr. Henstridge that hangs on his office wallthe producers of “Species“ did not hew very closely to his suggestions abo
13、ut the feasibility of their script ideas. Still, they had come to the right man. Dr. Evans believes that his firm will soon be able to create, if not an alien succubus, at least a tiny biological machine made of artificial proteins that could mimic the behavior of a living cell.Making such proteins
14、will require the ability to synthesize long stretches of DNA. Existing technology for synthesizing DNA can manage to make genes that encode a few dozen amino acids, but this is too short to produce any interesting proteins. Egeas technology, by contrast, would allow biologists to manufacture genes w
15、holesale. The firms scientists can make genes long enough to encode 6,000 amino acids. They aim to synthesize a gene for 30,000 amino acids within two years.Using a library of the roughly 1,500 possible “motifs“ or folds that a protein can adopt, Egeas scientists employ computers to design new prote
16、ins that are likely to have desirable shapes and properties. To synthesize the DNA that encodes these proteins, Egea uses a machine it has dubbed the “genewriter“. Dr. Evans likens this device to a word-processor for DNA, on which you can type in the sequence of letters defining a piece of DNA and g
17、et that molecule out.As Egea extends the length of DNA it can synthesize, Dr. Evans envisages encoding not just proteins, but entire biochemical pathways, which are teams of proteins that conduct metabolic processes. A collection of such molecules could conceivably function as a miniature machine th
18、at would operate in the body and attack disease, just as the bodys own defensive cells do. Perhaps Dr. Evans and his colleagues ought to get in touch with their friends in Hollywood.21 This passage is mainly _.（A）about a new application of computers.（B） a review of a science-fiction movie.（C） about
19、synthesizing interesting DNA.（D）a survey of scientific breakthroughs.22 The expression “hew very closely to“ can be best replaced by _.（A）shed light on.（B） adhere strictly to.（C） stay away from.（D）give play to.23 The DNA designed by Evans technology differs strikingly from that synthesized by existi
20、ng technology in that the former is characterized by its _.（A）more qualities desired.（B） imitation of a living cell.（C） delicate but destructive power.（D）resistance to epidemics.24 Elen Evans technology of new protein design may prove useful _.（A）in athletic training programs.（B） in film making spec
21、tacles.（C） in medical treatments.（D）in software programming.25 The passage is primarily _ in the development of the thesis.（A）persuasive.（B） descriptive.（C） narrative.（D）expository.26 No one really likes help. It is a great deal more satisfactory to be given the opportunity to earn ones daily bread;
22、 and if, by doing so, one can create a continuing means of livelihood, more jobs, and better living conditions for ones community, that is more satisfactory still. It is on this premise that the World Food Program bases most of its operations.But how can a man born of unemployed, undernourished pare
23、nts, in, the depths of poverty that spreads the solidarity towns near Latin American cities, or displaced peoples camps in Africa and Asia, begin to make some improvement? Someone must help someone who under stands that both food and employment are fundamental to his need.Most thinking people must h
24、ave remarked at some time or other that it doesnt make sense for half the population of the world to be in need of better food while governments and farmers elsewhere are worried by surpluses. For a number of years, until recently, North America and Australia had too much wheat. Japan had too much r
25、ice. Similarly, the EEC rapidly built a butter “mountain“; in its short history.It was an awareness of the cruel paradox of a world with surpluses and starvation that prompted the setting up of the World Food Pro grain by the United Nations and also by the Food and Agricultural Organization. Its org
26、anizers realized that it could be useful both to developed and developing countries. It could remove surpluses in such a way that did not upset normal trading or threaten, the livelihood of farmers in contributor countries, and then use these foods to feed people and aid development in poor-privileg
27、ed areas.So how does the World Food Program (WFP) work and what has it achieved?Logically, the story starts with a pledging session. The contributor countries, of which there have been a hundred and four over the years, pledge themselves to give a certain value during the succeeding two years. Most
28、of these pledges are honored by gifts of food, but court tries which do not produce food surplus to their own needs pledge money to finance the administration and shipping of the food given by others.,Meanwhile, the WFP staff in Rome get requests from countries which would like to receive, this food
29、 aid. Some of these are emergency requests when earthquake, hurricane, flood, drought or pestilence strikes, or political disorder causes a new wave of refuges. Of course, WFP responds to these, but they represent no more than a quarter of its aid in any one year. The real objective is to aid constr
30、uctive development, and so to make full preparation against the everyday disaster of having little food to eat, no work to go to, no dignity to have.So the WFP staff are responsive to requests from governments who want initial help to develop new lands for farming, to build roads, to provide irrigat
31、ion, and so on. The government of the would-be recipient country has to put forward what is considered to be a worthwhile and workable scheme, and if this is accepted, WFP agrees to supply food to a certain value for a specified period of years (usually three to five). Usually the food is for the pe
32、ople; sometimes it is their farm livestock.26 The main idea of the first two paragraphs is that many people _.（A）feel offended by people who offer them gifts（B） are prevented from rising in the world by the poverty of their surroundings（C） need to be given both food and the chance to earn their livi
33、ng（D）feel their pride hurt if they are given charity27 The main purpose of Paragraph 2 is to _.（A）answer an objection that some readers may raise to Paragraph 1（B） guard against the possibility that you have read Paragraph 1（C） contradict the idea of Paragraph 1（D）show more optimistic than Paragraph
34、 128 Because there exist surpluses(e.g. wheat, rice, butter), aid programs _.（A）may promote overproduction of some goods（B） put the interests of the producers before those of the consumers（C） could interfere with more normal types of trade（D）will help the givers as well as the receivers29 The main a
35、im of the WFP is to _.（A）meet the needs created by unexpected crises such as hurricanes（B） give food to those nations that need it（C） find a way of helping poorer nations to cope with emergencies（D）help the poorer nations to help themselves30 WFPs plans for underdeveloped countries emphasize the nee
36、d to _.（A）develop types of fruit trees that will resist disease（B） extend the area of land fit for cultivation（C） remove or flatten out the tops of hills（D）provide food for farm animals31 Multifunction superpills arent nearly as farfetched as they may sound. And reducing such serious risks to heart
37、health as soaring cholesterol, diabetes, and high blood pressure potentially could save many lives and be highly lucrative for drug companies. A combo pill from Pfizer (PFE) of its hypertension drug Norvasc and cholesterol-lowering agent Lipitor “could have huge potential,“ says Shaojing Tong, analy
38、st at Mehta Partners. “Offering two functions in one pill itself is a huge convenience.“If such pills catch on, they could generate significant revenues for drug companies. In Pfizers case, the goal is to transfer as many qualified patients as possible to the combo pill. Norvases patents expire in 2
39、007, but Pfizer could avoid losing all its revenues from the drug at once if it were part of a superpill. Sena Lund, an analyst at Cathay Financial, sees Pfizer selling $4.2 billion worth of Norvasc-Lipitor by 2007. That would help take up the slack for falling sales of Lipitor, which he projects wi
40、ll drop to $5 billion in 2007, down from $8 billion last year.Pfizer argues that addressing two distinct and serious cardiovascular risk factors in one pill has advantages. People with both hypertension and high LDL cholesterol (the “bad“ kind) number around 27 million in the U.S., notes Craig Hopki
41、nson, medical director for dual therapy at Pfizer, and only 2% of that population reaches adequate treatment goals. Taking two treatments in one will increase the number of patients who take the medications properly and “assist in getting patients to goal,“ he says.Doctors also may be quick to adopt
42、 Norvasc-Lipitor, Pfizer figures, because its made up of two well-studied drugs, which many physicians are already familiar with. But Dr. Stanley Rockson, chief of consultative cardiology at Stanford University Medical Center, says fixed-dose combination pills represent “an interesting crossroads“ f
43、or physicians, who are typically trained to “approach each individual problem with care.“ Combining treatments would challenge doctors to approach heart disease differently. But better patient compliance is important enough, says Rockson, that he expects doctors to be open to trying the combined pil
44、l.Some other physicians are more skeptical. “If you want to change dosage on one of the new pills two drugs, youre stuck,“ fears Dr. Irene Gavris, professor of medicine at Boston University School of Medicine. She says she would feel most comfortable trying the combination pill on patients who “have
45、 been on the drugs for a while“ and are thus unlikely to need changes in dosage.As usual, economics could tip the scales. Patients now taking both Lipitor and Norvasc “could cut their insurance co-pay in half“ by switching to the combo drug, Gavris notes. Thats a key advantage. Controlling hypertens
46、ion, for instance, can require three or more drugs, and the financial burden on patients mounts quickly. If patients also benefitas Pfizer and other drug companies contendmaking the switch to superpills could be advantageous for everyone.31 Pfizer could avoid the loss caused by expiration of Norvasc
47、s patents by_.（A）reducing the various risks to heart health（B） switching the patients to the superpills（C） offering greater convenience to patients（D）increasing the sales of Lipitor32 Which of the following is Not one of the advantages of superpills?（A）Lessening several risks to the heart at the sam
48、e time.（B） Restoring the lost body functions of the patients.（C） Contributing enormously to the income of drug companies.（D）Helping more patients to reach treatment goals.33 The fourth paragraph is intended mainly to_.（A）contrast different responses to combopills（B） explain Pfizers expectation of do
49、ctors support（C） illustrate doctors possible reception of combopills（D）stress the importance of patient compliance34 It can be inferred from the text that_.（A）doctors approval is decisive for the invention of medicines（B） drug companies will benefit a lot from the new pills financially（C） different people exhibit different attitudes toward the new pills（D）switch in medications is up to a combinat
